Notes for Driving Essays

Notes for Driving Essays Notes for Driving Paper Notes for Driving Paper and where might the point of conflict be? Predicting the reactions of your vehicle is the easiest of this process. You should know what condition your car is in, how are the tires, how soon can I stop, etc. Decide – Once you have identified and predicted what may happen, you now need to decide what you need to do. Maintain, swerve, brake, speed up, or just communicate with my lights or horn. You may decide to change your speed. You can avoid conflicts by maintaining, slowing down, or speeding up. To make a change in direction you need to look at your zones. Try to leave yourself a way out or cushion so you are able to move into that area without conflict. You may also avoid conflict by changing you position in your lane. You may need to be centered, slightly left or slightly right in your lane. If you decide that all you need to do is communicate with the other driver you may do this by your lights, horn, car position or eye contact. You want to try to minimize your number of hazards by separating the hazards. Sometimes you are going to have to pick the hazard that will possibly do the least amount of damage. This is compromising space. Give way to the big truck swerving into your lane. Execute- Once you make your decision you need to execute it. Remember, DON†T second guess yourself. The three areas that you have execution control over are speed control, steering, and communication. The hardest thing when driving is how so I handle multiple conflicts that occur? Being able to use the IPDE process effectively takes practice and time. You are not as good at using it today as you will be next week. You will learn how to use the IPDE process selectively. This means that you start one process and something else will come up that makes you begin the process all over again. Remember this: You used the IPDE Process getting to this class today and you will use it again going to every class you take today. Chapter 5 Natural Laws and Car Control In this chapter you will learn about gravity and energy of motion, friction and traction, stopping distance and controlling the force of impact. Gravity – Gravity is the force that pulls you to the earth. Going up and down hills in a car you can feel the pull of gravity. You need to be able to adjust your driving to accommodate for this pull. The point at which your car’s weight is evenly distributed is called the center of gravity. The lower the center of gravity, the better the handling of the car. Energy of Motion – Energy of motion is called kinetic energy. What you must understand about this energy is the way it will affect your driving. The faster your vehicle is moving, the more energy you have, the heavier it weighs, the more energy of motion it has. Two important facts to know† 1- Your energy of motion doubles when the weight doubles 2- Your energy of motion increases by the square when your speed increases by a certain amount. ( speed doubles – energy quadruples) If your energy of motion increases your stopping distance will also go up that amount. Friction and Traction Friction is the force that keeps your tires from sliding on the road. Traction makes it possible for your vehicle to grip the road for you to change speed and direction. The grooved surface of the tire is called the tread. This tread cuts through the water on the road allowing your tire to grip the road. As the amount of tread decreases, the amount of traction also decreases. If the tire tread gets worn almost completely off (bald tire) the possibility of a blowout becomes great. A blowout is when the tire loses all pressure at once. The way your tire is inflated also determines how much of the tire tread is touching the road. An under inflated tire causes the tread to gap in the middle. An over inflated tire causes the tire tread to only touch in the middle (like a balloon) Things that could reduce the traction you have are: 1- bad tires 2- bad shocks 3- faulty steering system 4- road surfaces Checking for traction while you are driving can be done but must be done carefully. check rear zone – brake gently for response – if you don’t slow down reduce speed Driving on curves can be very tricky. The energy of motion tries to keep your car in a straight line but the traction from the tires pulls you around the curve. Driving around curves: Speed – reduce your speed to avoid skids 2- Sharpness – the sharper the curve the more traction you will need to go around it. 3- Banked – most curves are banked, this helps prevent your car from wanting to stay in a straight line. 4- Load – The heaver the load or weight of your vehicle the more friction it is going to take to get through the curve. Stopping Distance Total Stopping D istance – the distance your car travels while you are making a stop. Total stopping distance is made up of three parts: 1- perception distance 2- reaction distance 3- braking distance Look at the chart on page 98. To estimate the distance you need to stop you can use the four second rule. pick a spot in the road, a sign or driveway When the car in front of you reaches that point begin counting, one-thousand one, one-thousand two†¦ If your car gets to that same point after you reach one-thousand four you have enough space to stop if you need to. Factors that affect you’re stopping distance: Speed – the higher the speed the longer the distance Car condition – worn out tires, etc need more distance Surface – rain, snow, ice, dirt, leaves gravel increase the distance Driver ability – if distracted or impaired you increase the distance ABS – helps when stopping while turning Hills – up or down hills shortens or lengthens the distance Loads – the weight of your vehicle, heavier takes longer. Force of Impact The force at which a moving object hits another object is force of impact. Force of impact is determined by: 1- Speed 2- Wei ght 3- Distance between impact and stopping Safety Belts When you are in a collision, three collisions actually take place. First the car hits an object and stops. Second, you hit the inside of the car or a restraining device (seat belt) Third, your body organs slam against your skeleton or each other. There are two types of restraining devices: 1- restraining devices – seat belts 2- passive restraining devices – air bags (automatic) Air Bags Air bags deploy automatically. They are there to protect your life. When an air bag deploys it comes out at a speed over 200 mph. Air bags are designed to work with the seat belts. Just relying on the air bag will not save your life. To avoid the air bag injuring your arms or shoulders you need to keep your hands about 9 and 3 or a little below. You don’t want to sit too close to the air bag, @ 10 away is good. Tilt your steering wheel to deploy the bag at your chest and not your face. Of course, child seats need to be in the rear seat or facing away from the air bags. Some air bags now have a feature that senses the weight of the person in the seat and will deploy in two stages. Some vehicles have switches for you to turn the passenger air bag off. Other protective devices in vehicles today: n Automatic seat belts n Front and rear crush areas n Energy absorbing bumpers n Side door beams n Reinforced windshields Energy absorbing steering wheel and column n Padded dash n Child seats built in n Head restraints Chapter 6 Performing Basic Vehicle Maneuvers STEERING Straight forward: hands should be at a comfortable spot, look ahead and avoid looking at your feet and hands. You need to pay attention to what is approaching you. Try to avoid over or under-steering: over-steering is when you make too sharp of a turn and you w eave from side to side; under-steering is when you don’t turn the wheel enough to keep it on its intended path. When you are trying to back a straight line (driving test skill) you need to: keep the brake pressed and put the car in reverse 2- turn your body to the right, put your right arm over the back of the passenger seat and look out of the back window. 3- Place your left hand at 12 o’clock on the steering wheel 4- Release your pressure on the brake enough to get moving 5- Adjust your position by turning the wheel in the direction that you wish to go 6- Keep you foot over the brake (covering) and take quick glances to the front and sides checking for traffic. When you wish to stop keep looking out of the back window until you have come to a complete stop. SIGNALING Make it a habit to signal your intent every time you plan to turn or stop. You must use your turn signals when you are making a left or right turn, changing lanes, pulling over to the side of the road. Make sure that you know the hand signals for when you are driving. Left arm out and angled up = right turn Left arm out and pointing straight out = left turn Left arm out and angled down = braking You need to remember to signal early but not too early. CHANGING LANES You must be able to make the lane change smoothly and safely each and every time. Try to get the steering down. You don’t want to over or understeer. Steps for a lane change: Check traffic in front and to the side in which you are going to move into 2- Signal your intent and check your blind spot 3- Increase your speed slightly as you steer into the next lane; if it is clear to do so 4- Cancel your signal, if it did not do so automatically, and adjust your speed and steering. MAKING TURNS AND TURNABOUTS Two method s for steering your car: 1- Hand over hand 2- Push – pull Left and Right Hand Turns You should make a turn only after you have checked traffic. 1- Look for pedestrians and oncoming vehicles; check your rear zone for cars getting ready to pass you. Plan well in advance. Put yourself in the correct lane well before the turn. 3- Obey all traffic signals and controls plus roadway markings. When turning left you MUST yield to oncoming traffic. Procedures for turning: (page 114) 1- Get in the proper lane 2- Brake early and get to the proper speed 3- Do a visual search 4- Before the crosswalk you should be at about 10 mph 5- Turning right you need to check left then right and begin your turn when your front bumper reaches the curve of the curb line. 6- For a left turn check left then right and then left again. Begin your turn when your front bumper gets to the center of the intersection. 7- As you begin your turn check your blind spot and turn into the first lane you come to. When you are backing to your left you want to look more over your left shoulder to where you are trying to back. If backing right you want to look over your right shoulder. You will use hand over hand steering and do the visual search before you begin the maneuver. Turnabouts Precautions when you are planning to do a turnabout: Be sure that local laws permit it Need at least 500 feet of visibility Don’t do on hills or curves or within 200 feet of an intersection Should not be done where high-speed traffic or any traffic would be Check all zones while doing the turnabout U-Turn Select your spot and signal right to move over and stop. When the way is clear, turn on your left signal and move into the lane Check your front and left rear zones and your blind spot. Turn the wheel hard left and move through the turn u ntil you have completely turned around. Driveway turnabouts Backing into on the right Pull in on the left Pull in on the right Which of these is the safest? Three point turnabout (driving test skill) Check your zones, signal right and pull to the curb (or side of road) and stop Signal left, turn the wheel hard left and pull across the road as far as you can Signal right, put the car in reverse, turn the wheel hard right and back as far as you need to back Signal left, put the car in Drive, turn the wheel hard right and pull forward finishing the turnabout. Parking When you are trying to park you need to have speed control, steering control and accurate judgment. Before parking you need to find a space big enough for your car to get into. Avoid end spaces or beside large trucks or poorly parked vehicles. You need to learn some reference points for parking. You will be exposed to standard reference points, these are for a typical vehicle and driver, and you will learn your personal reference points, ones that you like to use. Angle parking: This parking is done diagonally to the curb. Mostly in shopping center parking lots. 1- Check for peds. Position your car about 6 feet from the parked cars. Signal right and begin braking. 2- Check your right blind spot and continue braking. 3- Move forward until you can see the middle of the space without obstructions. Turn your wheels hard right and ease into the space. Straighten your wheels when you are in the center of the space and pull forward as far into the space as you can. Perpendicular parking: This parking is when your car is at a right angle to the curb. 1- Set up about 8 feet from the line of parked cars or as far over as you can. Signal right, check your blind spot, and begin braking. 2- Check traffic to the rear and continue braki ng. 3- Turn hard right when your front bumper passes the back bumper of the car to the left of the parking space. Slowly enter the space and check your rear right to make sure that you have missed the car. Straighten the wheels when you are centered in the space and pull forward. Leaving both of these spaces (angle and perpendicular) 1- Ease straight back with your foot covering the brake. 2- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your left turn hard right. 3- Back into the nearest lane and straighten your wheels. Put the car in drive and pull away. Parallel parking (driving test skill) This is parking your car parallel to the curb. Select your space that is 5 – 6 feet longer than your car. 1- While approaching the space, signal right and brake. Stop with your car 2-3 feet away from the car on the right and your back bumper even with the back bumper of the car to the right. Put the car into reverse and check traffic. Turn the wheel hard right and ease into the space. 2- When the back of your seat is even with the back bumper of the car to the right straighten the wheels. Ease straight back into the space. 3- When your front bumper is even with the rear bumper of the car to your right turn the wheels hard left. Ease back looking out of your rear window. 4- When your car is parallel to the curb straighten the wheels and stop. Pull forward and center your car in the space. Put the car in park. My cues when we do this in the car: Wheels – hard right, straight, hard left Reference points – back bumpers even, rear of seat even with bumper, front bumper even with the rear bumper, don’t hit the barrier. Parking on hills: Up hill with a curb – turn the wheels left, ease back to touch the curb, engage parking brake, put car in park, turn the car off. Up hill without a curb, Downhill with or without a curb – turn the wheels to the right, ease until you touch the curb (if there is a curb), engage the parking brake, turn the car off. Chapter 7 Negotiating Intersections Searching the Intersection When you are approaching any intersection there are things that you need to look for. The main cause of collisions in intersections is the drivers failure to identity a safe path of travel. Clue you need to look for: Signs and lights Roadway markings Crossing traffic Park car on the cross street Turning traffic Rows of fences and mailboxes Traffic stopping Power lines Most intersections are + or X, but some are Y or T When you are approaching an intersection you need to check your front zones to make sure that your path of travel in open. Look for anything that may cause your path to close and cause you to change your plans. The closer you get to the intersection the more you need to search your side zones for obstructions. Scan and focus on what may cause you a problem, dont just keep your eyes in constant motion. Once you approach your point of no return you need to continue through the intersection but still scan your zones. Your point of no return is the point at which you can no longer make a safe stop outside of the intersection. Sometimes when you get close to the intersection your path of travel closes causing you to need to change lanes. Do this at an intersection only if there is no other option. You are not allowed to legally change lanes within the intersection. If your decision at the intersection is to stop, for what ever reason, you now need to do the full 180 degree scan before you inter the intersection. Controlled Intersections A controlled intersection is one that has signs or lights that determine the right of way. With signs The two signs that control an intersection are Stop and Yield. At a stop sign you MUST come to a complete stop and at a yield sign you need to slow down and give the right of way to any vehicle in the intersection. At stop signs you need to begin your search of the intersection well back of the stop sign. As you approach you need to scan front, as well as 45 degrees to the right and left for anything that may interfere with your path of travel. Crossing Traffic with a blocked view Search your front and rear zones, look for pedestrians and prepare to make your legal stop at the sign, ease up to the intersection and stop again, scan for obstructions and inter the intersection only when it is clear for you to go through the intersection without conflict. (7 sec gap) Joining traffic right turns Go through the same checks as above. When you get stopped at the sign and cant see, ease up until you can without going into the intersection and stop again. Look for a gap of at least 7 seconds. When you have a clear path make your turn and accelerate keeping the car about 4 feet from the side of the road. Joining traffic left turns Do your scans as with the other approaches. Stop at the sign and pull fo rward and stop again before entering the intersection. When the way is clear (7 sec gap) move forward and recheck your zones. Accelerate into the proper lane and adjust your steering. Light Controlled Intersections When you are approaching an intersection controlled by lights you need to use your IPDE process to determine what the intersection will be like when you reach it. How may the lights change your path of travel? Stale Green Light this Is a light that has been green for a while, expect It to change Fresh Green Light this is a light that has Just turned green, you may still not have a safe path of travel. Check your intended path for obstacles. Yellow Light this is a light that is telling you that the intersection is closing to your traffic lane. If you have reached the point of no return you have to determine whether to proceed through or try to stop, hat can influence this decision? Red Light at this light you MUST stop. You need to check your rear zones as you apply the brakes. An unprotected left turn is a left turn done at an intersection that does not have a left turn green arrow. You MUST be sure that you can complete the turn before beginning it Protected Left Turns At these turns you will have three things apparent 1- Left turn light, this is an entire light sequence (R,Y,G) to guide you at your left turn. Green arrow appears with the normal light system, when the arrow goes off you simply do not have a protected left turn. 3- Delayed green light at these lights you light is green and the opposing traffic light is still red. Turning on Red Light Right on red means that you are allowed to make a right hand turn at a red light AFTER you have made a complete stop and have scanned the intersection. When it is safe to proceed you can make the turn. Left on red is allowed in most states when you are turning left from a one-way street onto a on-way street going to your left. Some states allow this if you are in a left turn only lane (two way traffic) and are turning onto a one way street. A controlled railroad crossing has lights and/or a stop arm. You must come to a complete stop and stay until the lights have stopped flashing and the arm has come up. DO NOT EVER go around the stop arm to cross. Uncontrolled Intersections An uncontrolled intersection is one in which there are no traffic controls. As you approach one of these intersections you MUST expect traffic problems. NEVER assume that the other driver will give you the right of way. You must really use your IPDE process as you approach these intersections. It is best to treat these intersections as yield signs. There are also uncontrolled railroad crossings. Simply slow down, scanning the tracks for trains and do not cross if you see or hear one coming. Determining Right of Way Right of way describes the privilege of having immediate use of a certain part of the roadway. Right of way is GIVEN not taken. You may have to YIELD and allows others to go first in order to be safe. Judging Gaps A gap is the distance between two vehicles. When you are at an intersection you have to make sure that you can successfully get through the intersection. Chapter8 Sharing The Roadway With Motorcycles: About 2000 people a year are killed on motorcycles. The primary reason is there are so many body parts not protected when riding a motorcycle. You MUST use the IPDE process when motorcycles are around. They can hide in spots, they spend longer times in your blind spots and many cyclist take more chances that car drivers do. - -i - ;; ; Problem areas in which you need to really look for motorcyclist: a vehicle turning left in front of a motorcycle a vehicle turning right at an intersection or into a driveway a motorcycle turning left inblindspots a tailgating motorcyclist one passing you on the right or left meeting an oncoming motorcycle When you are going to pass a motorcycle you need to stay well back to avoid shocking the cyclist, use the entire lane to make the pass and wait until you can see them in your rearview mirror to move back over. It is just like passing a vehicle. With Bicycles, Mopeds and Motor Scooters: Bicyclist need to remember that when they are on the road they have the responsibility to follow ALL of the traffic laws just as the other vehicles do. They need to wear a helmet, know the rules for riding on roads as well as idewalks, and wear light colored clothing (especially at night), keep from wearing headphones, and keep their bike in good condition. When you encounter a bike you need to increase your scanning to avoid serious conflict. If you pass a bike you need to follow the same rules as passing a car. Remember that some bicyclist do not have great control over their bike and may swerve or fall into your path. Mopeds and scooters create the same types of problems as bikes do. They are low powered and very small. They are hard to see and the people riding them may not be able to handle them properly. People on mopeds and scooters do not have to have a drivers license but they do have to follow the rules of the road, just as bicyclist and drivers do. Pedestrians Pedestrians are the most vulnerable users of the HTS. It is the drivers responsibility to protect the pedestrians. Children and old people are at most risk. Children do not know about consequences and old people may not hear or see well. When you drive in an area with pedestrians you need to heighten you IPDE usage. Look for pedestrians in areas where you expect to see them. Playgrounds, sidewalks, residential areas, parks, and parking lots. Sharing the roadway with emergency vehicles is a common thing in populated areas. You should yield the right of way to the emergency vehicles when they are traveling with their light and/or sirens on. Simply move to the right side of the road if you can and or to the lane as far to the right as possible. If you have to you can stop but make sure that you are as little a hazard as possible. With Trucks: The type of truck you need to really worry about when driving are the big semis (18 wheelers, tractor trailer, transfer). The main reason is that they are sooo big and can do a whole lot of damage to your car in a very little amount of time. These larger trucks make wide right turns. When you are near one and they put on their right turn signal you have to make sure that you are not to their right because the trailer of the truck will turn into your lane when they turn. You need to avoid following these trucks because they have big blind spots which make you hard to see. If you can not see their face in the mirror, they can not see your car. Use caution when passing a truck. Because their blind spots are larger you have to make sure that they see you during your pass as well as before your pass. When you meet a large truck on a two lane roadway you need to prepare for the after wave when they go by. The air that they push to the right and left will make your car jump of vibrate. Also on wet roads the trucks will throw up water that will cover your windshield. Simply grasp the steering wheel tightly and steer through the problem. Chapter 9 Driving in Urban Traffic Adjusting to Urban Traffic Two of the main factors that make urban driving difficult: 1- Traffic is more dense there are more cars, buses, trucks and pedestrians per mile than on rural roads City hazards are closer to you more things are closer to your car than in the country. Mile per mile, city roads have the highest number and variety of hazards. It takes time to do the IPDE process and in cities you dont have as much time to process the information as in the country. When you are on urban streets you have to pay attention and try to identify hazards as early as possible. Following Traffic on City Streets Spac e cushion refers to the space between your car and the car in front of you. If you have a good space cushion you have some advantages: 1- You can see further ahead and get the big picture You can be seen better 3- You have more time to do the IPDE process 4- You are in better position to avoid the car in front of you if they stop suddenly. The 3-second following distance. When you are 3 seconds behind you have enough cushion to avoid most collisions in most normal driving situations. 1- Pick out a spot on the road ahead 2- When the car in front gets to that spot begin counting; 1001,1002,1003 3- If your car has not gotten to the spot by 1003 you have enough cushion to avoid a collision. If you reach the spot before you get to 1003, you need to back off a little. The faster you are traveling the bigger your space cushion will be. Being Followed on City Streets A tailgater is a vehicle that is following you too closely. The main hazard of a tailgater is that if you have to do a sudden stop they will hit you in the rear. They think that they are saving time by going so fast and getting close to you. If you have a tailgater behind you, you need to increase your following distance so you will not have to react as quickly when a car in front of you makes a sudden stop or move. When you are meeting cars in the city you have to really look ahead for your front zone to close. Oncoming drivers may cross the center line and block your path. Reasons that people cross the center line are: 1- driver impairment 2- poor judgment 3- poor visibility 4- reduced space 5- sudden moves for others 6- vehicle failure 7- turning car, buses or trucks 8- double parked vehicles Managing Space on Urban Streets Look ahead try to see at least one block ahead but if you can see farther, look as far as you can but IDENTIFY possible problems. , When you are approaching a traffic light and you first see the light green you need to expect it to change. If you see a green light but the crosswalk light is flashing dont walk you need to anticipate that the light is getting ready to change. NEVER speed through an intersection trying to beat the light. Covering you brake means that you have taken your foot off of the accelerator pedal and have it in front of the brake pedal, but not pushing it down. You are anticipating that you are going to need to brake. This takes away your reaction distance/time if you need to brake suddenly. Riding your brake means that you have your foot on the brake pedal and you are pushing it down slightly. Most people that two foot drive end up riding their brakes. On city streets that have parked cars on your right you need to anticipate that a car door may open when you get to it. To help avoid hitting the door you need to drive about the width of a car door away from parked cars. Chapter 10 Driving in Rural Areas Characteristics of Rural Traffic 82% of all of the roadway miles in the US are considered rural roads. When you approach a curve on a rural road with an advisory speed limit, you should be at that posted speed before you enter the curve. Advisory speeds are posted to help keep cars from having a collision on a curve because they entered the curve at too great a speed to control the car. Speed kills on rural roads. Twice as many deaths occur on rural roads as opposed to urban roads. On rural roads in normal (ideal) conditions the 3 second rule for following is sufficient. If you are following another car using the 3 second rule and a car cuts in between you and the other car you need to reestablish your 3 second rule with the new car. The basic speed rule states that you should not drive faster than the road or traffic conditions allow you to. It is more difficult to maintain control of your car at higher speeds. When you are driving on rural roads you are going to encounter slow moving vehicles, animals in the road and oncoming traffic that is close to you. Roadside hazards that you will come across are narrow shoulders, bridges, ditches, guardrails, and trees. You are not going to have as many tailgaters here because of the type of driving you are doing plus there are not as many cars on the road. In rural areas your speed is going to be faster so your IPDE process is affected. At higher speeds you decrease your time to make a decision using the process. So the faster you are driving, the farther you need to look ahead so you can perform the IPDE process. When driving on these roads you may see mailboxes, reflectors on posts, or small utility lines. These are all clues that you are approaching a driveway. When you are driving in the mountains you are going to come to sections of the road that have sharper curves and steeper hills. When you are going down a steep hill you should NEVER shift your car into neutral. If you change gears you need to shift to a lower gear to avoid burning your brakes. Passing in rural areas is done generally on two lane/two way roads. If you are passing another car you must make sure that you can complete the pass safely and before the passing area ends. When you think that you need to pass another car you need to think before you pass. One main question that you need to ask is, is it safe to pass here? When driving at night on rural roads you are going to encounter car light that pop up from around curves or hills. To avoid being temporarily blinded you need to look to the right side of the road, white line. Chapter 11 Driving on Expressways An expressway is defined as a roadway that has limited-access or controlled-access. Driving on expressways is more dangerous because of the higher speeds and the number of cars. For this reason, collisions on expressways are generally more serious. Expressways have minimum speed limits posted. If you are going below this minimum speed then you are a hazard on the roadway. To drive effectively on expressways you must be willing to cooperate with other drivers. They also have multiple lanes which means that when you change lanes you need to do so one lane at a time. You are driving on an expressway and you need to exit; the ramp you need to get off on is totally Mocked by traffic, preventing you from getting over. Wiat should you do? Go to the next exit and come back up the expressway. If you get onto the wrong entrance ramp you should go ahead and get on the expressway and travel to the next exit, get off and turn around. It is NEVER permissible to back up an entrance ramp. The entrance lane has three parts; the ramp, the acceleration lane and the merging lane. When you are coming down the ramp you need to check for a gap to merge into by looking over your left shoulder as well as into your left mirror. If you are entering an expressway on the entrance ramp and your way is blocked so that you can not merge onto the road you should avoid stopping. Stopping on the ramp in the acceleration lane can cause a rear end collision. If you are driving in a group of car on an expressway you are driving in a wolf pack. You are driving in the center lane of the expressway and you keep getting passed on the right and left, you should move into the right lane to avoid being a hazard. Highway hypnosis happens when you get lulled into staring while driving. If you stare for long enough you will put yourself to sleep. If you are taking a long trip on expressway you need to plan ahead for food, fuel and rest This will make your trip more enjoyable and safe.

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Summarize - Essay Example This is a characteristic feature which may be found in many under developed and developing countries. The topic of infant mortality is discussed in detail with the help of statistics. The infant mortality rates are much higher in the developing and under developed countries. The young children are plagued by diseases causing early deaths. Much of the diseases can be cured but the lack of awareness and the absence of healthcare facilities lead to such problems. It is found that many children have to face deaths due to simple problems such as fever and dehydration. Many of the diseases which are the result of deaths in such areas can actually be cured. However, the absence and ignorance leads to such problems of high infant mortality rates. Due to this a severe problem comes up in such societies- over population. Due to the high infant mortality rates the parents tend to have more children expecting that from amongst them a few will survive the risks of infant mortality. However, more than enough children survive increasing the family size. Some professors and experts have pointed out that income and mortality rates were linked. A fall in incomes leads to greater mortality rates and vice versa. This is due to the simple reason that increasing income improves the standard of living. One of the main reasons for the high infant mortality rates is the problem of hunger. The people in poor countries are faced by the problems of hunger and malnutrition which results in them being prone to diseases. The daily calorie intake is said to be one-third lower for the poorest five countries when compared to the richest five countries (Easterly, 11). The poorer families already low on cash and are always taking loans from one place or the other to support their families. This results in debt bondage where the family members are in a position of debts. As a result, even the children have to go out and work in order to bring in the funds for survival. This increases the hardships on the children as they are putting in extra effort and there is little to eat. This reduces the energy and may cause malnutrition amongst the children. When there is little work available most of it is taken up by young males. The females then often resort to prostitution. This is one of the most discussed questions in many countries. Apart from prostitution females are also subject to oppression in many under developed countries. A story is related in the end telling the hardships of the poor and their sufferings. People are made to realize that today it is very difficult to leave something and move on in life. Nowadays the poor not even have the land or the resources to get back from their doomed situations. The reason for discussing these questions of mortality rates, oppression of the women, slavery and poor healthcare in economics is to point out the importance of economic growth. Much of this could be avoided by increasing GDP and GNP per capita as increasing incomes increas es the standard of living. Thus this can be a way for overcoming these issues which are being faced by many people worldwide. Summary of Chapter 2 This chapter begins with another example this time of Ghana, which was the first colony which became independent from the African colonies. Ghana had a good start because of the aid money invested into their economy by the foreigners mainly the British, Americans and Germans. The concept which is mentioned

Architecture, law and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Architecture, law and politics - Essay Example The obvious mistake in public housing over the last fifty years overshadows the occasional and long honored history of architect’s participation in social housing. Seventy percent of the cost of a new building is influenced by planning and design (Muir, 2013). Careful planning and sensitive design that save even the ten percent of those costs can reduce the monthly payments by over one hundred euros. Although any single design decision is not likely to yield dramatic savings and improved quality, thoughtful unit planning will. For instance, a social housing plan that does not utilize the space efficiently may call for long hallways, which add little to the dwelling and costs money to construct. Additionally, they need to be lighted and heated, an ongoing expense for the occupants of the social housing. For all that one might save by utilizing materials of poor quality and scrimping on space, such short-sighted penny-wise attitudes are ultimately costly both economically and so cially.     United Kingdom’s contemporary social housing can be tracked back to humanitarian responses to the overcrowding upon industrialization and urbanization of Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Outbreaks of cholera in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s significantly led to the creation of social settlement. Added with the release of a report on the Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain by Chadwick in 1842 established the powerful direct adverse impact of industrialization on population health.

Migratory & people Essay Example for Free

Migratory people Essay Migratory patterns are examined on a general as well as a regional level. In addition to the descriptive analysis the article discusses possible reasons behind the migratory tendencies. The study focuses on two different aspects. First, the minority situation of the Antigua, Carolina rice, slave families, Red-Black people, Louisiana houses is investigated in terms of urbanisation and cultural-linguistic environment, reflected in the internal and external migration behaviour. Together with an increasing out-migration to other foreign countries, the mobility of the Antigua, Carolina rice, slave families, Red-Black people, Louisiana houses could contribute to the diminishing vitality of the group. Second, the demographical characteristics of the migrants are explored in the perspective of migration as a central part of the individual life course. During the study period the features of the migrants have changed in correspondence with changes in the labour market. The migrants originating from city regions now tend to be older and sometimes more highly educated, thus implicating career-oriented migration. Migration from less urban regions, however, continues to be connected to ‘nest-leaving’ events such as getting a university education. It is suggested that the migration pattern is a cultural expression due to the ethno-linguistic minority situation and the cultural closeness. Among the distinct effects of migration are the stimulation of further migration through the displacement of other peoples; a reduction in the numbers of the migrating group because of hardship and warfare; changes in physical characteristics through intermarriage with the groups encountered; changes in cultural characteristics by adoption of the cultural patterns of peoples encountered; and linguistic changes, also effected by adoption. Anthropologists and archaeologists have traced the routes of many prehistoric migrations by the current persistence of such effects. Blond physical characteristics among some of the Berbers are thought to be evidence of an early Nordic invasion. Ethnic and cultural diversity is a fact which can and should enrich social life in all parts of the world. One focus of research under most is on the nature of change in multi-cultural and multi-ethnic societies in which issues of education, culture and religion, identity and human needs, democratic governance, conflict and cohesion interact in complex patterns. These issues require interdisciplinary, comparative, and culturally sensitive research which may furnish information useful for the peaceful and democratic management of multi-cultural and multi-ethnic societies.

What is there to Know about WNV and WNE Essay -- Biology Medical Biome

What is there to Know about WNV and WNE? West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arbovirus that causes West Nile Encephalitis (WNE), an inflammation of the brain. The virus was first found in an Ugandan woman, and spread throughout all areas of the world, from Europe to Oceania. WNV is virus carried by mosquitoes and birds. Other organisms are the secondary carriers of the virus. The first outbreak resulted in victims of WNE. Since then the U.S has been alert and cautious about the virus for public health. The virus is known to affect animals as well. Up to now there is no special treatment or vaccine for WNV and its symptoms. However, there are ways to preclude you from getting the virus. Though the chances of getting WNV and a fatal case are slim, the symptoms aren’t worth risking. West Nile Encephalitis is a brain inflammation that is caused by mosquitoes. WNE is new to the U.S.A and broke out less than a decade ago in one of the states. So far there aren’t any vaccines for WNV, but there are methods of prevention. Up to this day, WNE isn’t common; however, it is a brutal enemy to those who are infected. The first outbreak of WNE was in New York City in 1999. Four deaths occurred in 1999 due to WNE (Illinois Department of Public Health). Studies show that there was less involvement with their cortex, thalamus, and cerebellum. Their microglial modules that carried histiocytes and lymphocytes were dispersed and they also developed leptomeningitis. Two years later, in the autumn of 2001, the infection spread to Iowa and Missouri. There were 54 infected people in Illinois and a death in 2003 (Illinois Department of Public Health). By now, WNE has spread to the West Coast. Researchers aren’t sure how WNV or WNE was introduced to the U.S.A.... ...tious of areas that are reported to have infected mosquitoes. If anyone is going outside during the times of day or the places where they are prone to get infected, being cautious and careful can prevent a severe case of WNE. What Is There 5 References 1) Burke, A Cunha, MD. (2004, Dec). West Nile Encephalitis. eMedicine. 7/27/05: http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3160.htm 2) Dr. Tom Solomon. (2005, June). West Nile Encephalitis. Encephalitis Information Resource. 7/27/05: http://www.encephalitis.info/TheIllness/TypesEncephalitis/WestNile.html 3) Lee, M.C. 2003. West Nile Virus overview and abstracts. New York: NOVA 4) Illinois Department of Public Health. West Nile Virus. 7/27/05: http://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hbwestnile.htm 5) White, Dennis J. et all. 2001. West Nile Virus Detection, Surveillance, and Control. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

Engro Foods

Contents About engro foods3 value proposition3 olpers3 olwell milk (a low fat milk by olpers, engro foods)4 olfrute juice4 tarang4 omore5 segmentation5 what is segmentation†¦.. 5 basis for segmentation:5 segmentation for olper’s5 olper,s product range6 segmentation for olper’s:7 positioning for olper’s8 what is positioning†¦.. 8 positioning process:8 competitive advantage12 continuous improvement12 quality control12 pr with farmers13 third-generation plant13 engro’s promotion mix tools13 advertising13 sales promotions15 public relations16 personal selling17 direct marketing18 basic tactics used18 customer relationship management18 customer relationship management in engro foods18 customers touch points19 reducing the customer defection rate22 building loyalty22 references24 about engro food  Ã‚  Engro stands for â€Å"energy for growth†. From inception, ours is a legacy of continuous growth, new challenges and fulfilled promises. From fertilizers to dairy products, business solutions to PVC resin, power generation to commodity trade, at Engro our ambition is to become the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global reach.Engro Foods Limited is subsidiary of Engro Chemical Pvt. Ltd. which is one of the most reputed enterprises in Pakistan with more than 40 years of diversified business operations in the areas of fertilizer and chemicals. Engro Chemicals, formerly known as Exxon, was taken oven by the employees and reamed Engro. Since then, it has diversified into many fields owning and operating subsidiaries like Engro Asahi, Eng ro Vopak, Engro Pak tank, Engro Chemicals and Engro Foods. Engro Foods started its business operations in March 2006 and it hasn’t looked back ever since its inception.Within a very short span of 2 years, it has become the house of four quality dairy milk brands: Olpers Milk, Tarang, Olwell, and Olpers cream. Engro Foods has already set up two processing plants at Sukkur and Sahiwal. VALUE PROPOSITION A  value proposition  is a promise of  value  to be delivered and a belief from the customer of  value  that will be experienced. A value proposition can apply to an entire organization, or parts thereof, or customer accounts, or products or services. Engro Foods Ltd. is delivering value to customers by offering following productsOLPERS [pic] OLWELL MILK (A LOW FAT MILK BY OLPERS, ENGRO FOODS) OLFRUTE JUICE [pic] TARANG [pic] OMORE [pic] SEGMENTATION WHAT IS SEGMENTATION†¦.. â€Å"The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly id entifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. † BASIS FOR SEGMENTATION: The following are the basis for segmentation: [pic] SEGMENTATION FOR OLPER’S It is difficult for any one company to engage in mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion for its product.The complexities arise from the proliferation of advertising and distribution channels and the high costs associated with reaching a mass audience. Therefore, companies segment the market so that they can target the group of customers who share similar needs and wants. The milk sector shows a market that has homogeneous preferences that is the consumers have similar preferences. They want milk to be white, carefully processed, and good for health and bones. Keeping these things in mind Engro segmented its market.The marketers at Engro have had a number of options available to them when segmenting the market for their products. Engro Olper’s products include: [pic] OLPER, S PRODUCT RANGE SEGMENTATION FOR OLPER’S: Geographic Segmentation: Engro Geographically segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Region: Engro segmented its market for the â€Å"South East† region. †¢ Country: Engro segmented its market in â€Å"Pakistan† country. †¢ Province: Engro targeted its consumers all over the Pakistan but mostly in the â€Å"Punjab† province. Demographic Segmentation:Engro divided its market on the basis of demographically as: †¢ Age: Engro Olper’s products are for the all age of people like for children youngsters and olders. †¢ Gender: Engro did not segment its market on the gender basis. Every person can use it either male or female because there is no gender discrimination. †¢ Family: Olper’s products serve the family which has 3 to 5 members. †¢ Income: Brand calls for a small percentage of an individual’s income but lower class wouldn’t want to buy the brand may be because they are price sensitive. Psychographic Segmentation:Engro psycho-graphically segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Social class: The brand is meant for all the users in higher upper or middle class families and it targets a specific social class who are health conscious and concerned about their weight. †¢ Life style: Olper’s have segmented the market more towards achievers who are goal-oriented and want to recognize themselves by others. For example the ads for Olwell mostly show achievers who want to be successful, have high aims and are already doing quite well in their concerned fields. Personality: The Olper’s products have targeted experiencers because the company has given them a new set of brand and so many will make their first purchase because they want to try something new. Olper’s ads also target believers, traditional conservative people with concrete beliefs. The ads for Olper’s show the beliefs of healthy life with processed milk and plays on the emotional aspect more. Behavioral Segmentation: Engro Behaviorally segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Benefits: Olper’s products have been segmented on the basis of benefits that consumers seek in the milk.In this case, people look for a brand that can be used for all purposes from drinking to tea whiteners as well to feed the animals. †¢ Loyalty: Engro segment its market on the basis of loyality status by finding some hard core loyal persons in the milk sector which are also price sensitive or want variety and on the basis of price they will be switch from other established brands like Haleeb, Nestle etc. POSITIONING FOR OLPER’S WHAT IS POSITIONING†¦.. â€Å"Positioning is defined as the act of designing the company's offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the target market's mind. POSITIONING PROCESS: The effective positioning process involves: [pic] Defining the competitive frame of reference: Compet itive frame of reference involves: †¢ Identifying the direct competitors of brand. †¢ Position of these competitors in market. †¢ Level of competition. Identifying the direct competitors: Before positioning a brand company must understand who the main competitors are? For example Engro main competitors: †¢ Haleeb †¢ Nestle Position of competitors: Company must analyze and understand the position of their competitors that either their position is strong or weak.For example the both competitors of Engro are strong and have a tremendous market place. Level of competition: Company also identifying the level of competition that at what level it competes with its competitors. The level of competition involves: †¢ At product type level †¢ At product category level †¢ At product class level For example, Engro competes at all levels as: †¢ As at the product type level Olper’s compete with the Nestle milk pack and Haleeb dairy queen. †¢ As at the product category level Olper’s categories like Olper’s Olwell competes with Nestle Nesvita and Haleeb Skimz. As at the product class level it compete with all dairy products as Engro dairy products are compete with all dairy products of Nestle and Haleeb. Establishing the points of difference: Companies establish the points of difference which are the attributes or benefit those consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the same extent in the competitive brand. The point of differences for the Engro dairy products are: Olper’s milk: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s milk in Red color which is quite different from competitors Green and Blue color packaging. Engro used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olper’s ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s is based on tag line: â€Å"Subah Bakhair Zindagi†, but recently the company changed the USP to: â€Å"Jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s†. Both the tag lines have a very positive impact on Olper’s image because of the emotions involved in both the lines. Olper’s cream: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s cream in Purple color which is different from competitors. Engro position Olper’s cream for a specific use or application. Because the Olper’s cream used to make the dishes in which cream is necessary like cakes, ice cream. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s cream is based on tagline â€Å"Life’s a Dessert† with the message of ad that â€Å"Creams of all Creams†. Olper’s Olwell: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s Olwell in Red color which distinguish it from competitors. †¢ Engro used the benefit positionin g for Olwell. The product is positioned as High calcium, low fat product. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s Olwell is based on tag line â€Å"†¦.. o you’re unstoppable† and with the message â€Å"Stop ageging†. Olper’s Owsum: †¢ Packaging of Owsum designed in a highly detailed comic book style and each packaging has a different world with respect to each flavor describing different story in each one. †¢ Engro use the specific positioning as Owsum flavored milk is for the children from 9 to 12 years age. It is the first time a company target this age group children. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s Owsum is based on tag line â€Å"Kill the Milk Monster† and the message of ad â€Å"Flavored milk socked out the simple milk†. Establish the points of parity:Companies establish the points of parity which are attributes or benefits which are not necessarily unique to the brand, and als o shared with other brands. The point of parity for the Engro dairy products are: †¢ Engro provides high quality to its customers, which same to its competitors Nestle and Haleeb because these companies also focus on high quality. †¢ Engro cover the whole country of Pakistan and its competitors also covers the all areas of Pakistan. †¢ Both the appearance and packaging of Engro products is very attractive. Its competitors packaging and appearance is also very attractive. Engro run its advertising on different channels like T. V, Radio, Newspapers and billboards. Nestle and Haleeb which are the competitors of Engro are also using the same channels. †¢ Engro used the 6 layered Tetra Pack packaging for its products. Nestle and Haleeb also using the same packaging technique. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage  means strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthe ns and positions a business better within the business environment.Engro foods Ltd. has many advantages over its competitors which are given below. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT The Engro foods continuously improve itself which is the major edge of Engro foods over its competitors. Feedback and its integration in the supply chain are essential to the continuous improvement of an organization that places so much importance on supply chain management. Engro Foods ensures feedback is obtained from all possible sources. As a result, contact is maintained with distributors regarding the consumers’ reaction or any complaints that they may have.In fact, any bad products or bad batches of products, if the consequence of any supply chain management glitches, are accepted back by the company and exchanged for new good stock free of cost. Feedback is also collected directly from the consumers via the company website, which allows consumers to lodge any complaints, put forward any queries, or j ust drop by their comments. The same information is also collected through the presence of the company address and phone number on all the packages, thus making the organization very accessible to the consumers. QUALITY CONTROLEngro Foods is committed to providing the best quality of products to the consumers at the lowest possible costs. In other words, it is a company that believes in the virtues of cost leadership and its prioritization for quality maintenance and control is reflected in stringent quality checks that are carried out both before and after the processing of the milk. Before Processing Quality control procedures are introduced right at the point of milk collection that is at the milk collection centers. Lab tests are conducted in order to check the milk for any adulteration and in fact the dhodhis are also educated to avoid adulteration of milk.An expert is stationed at these MCCs to ensure that the tests are conducted properly. Once the milk is approved and dispatc hed within 6 hours to either the Sahiwal or Sukkur plant, the next Quality check is carried out right at the time of milk reception at the plant where it is once again examined by qualified Chemists and Micro Biologists by conducting various tests. It is only after the milk clears certain tests that the Quality Control department accepts it and transfers it to the cooling plants. After Processing Quality control experts are involved throughout the production process.After the packaging process is complete, Quality control resurfaces this time not only to ensure that the packages are sterilized but also to ensure that the milk packages are of the prescribed weight. And after a final approval, the milk products are considered fit for delivery and transferred to the warehouse. The organization strives to achieve even better and better quality of the products which is why it collaborates with various research agencies to work on the development of the products. PR WITH FARMERS ENGRO has been interacting with the farmers for fertilizers and has gained quite a good reputation over the years.It has led to a strong bond and long term relationship with the farmers who are willing to supply milk to the company. This is an added advantage and strength for the company because it will never be short of milk production. The farmers also won’t have to look elsewhere to sell their milk. THIRD-GENERATION PLANT EFL only, has the third-generation UHT milk plant in the country. EFL plant is the only plant in Pakistan that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene.Moreover, it is also setting up another milk processing plant in Central Punjab (Sahiwal) with an investment of Rs. 2 billion (US $ 33 million). ENGRO’S PROMOTION MIX TOOLS ADVERTISING Engro Foods Ltd. is always quite smart in exploring various mediums and reaching out to the maximum in an effective way. For instance, spreading the art of happiness via decorating of Lahore with flowers in the launch phase,  putting colorful streamers, Omore’ bloopers on TV channels. Omore is active in doing advertising since its launch.They believe that strong and effective advertisement is essential for product success. They have used their punch line â€Å"The Art of Happiness† since the start to expose and create brand image in the mind of the customers. This will also induce a desire for buying a product as in the ads they have shown that if you want to be happy, eat Omore. The followings are the advertisement vehicles used by Engro for the promotion of its Omore and other milk products product. Print & Broadcasting Ads Omore has conveyed their message of happiness, joy, fun and pleasure through their TV and print ads.The creative are so colorful and vibrant to support their slogan of happiness with the catchy jingle attached to it. They have broadcasted their ads on all the major TV channels, FM radio and social media like Fac ebook, Twitter, and Orkut and for print they have gone in all major magazines and newspapers. Packaging Outer Engro used the colorful packaging with product picture and name along with nutrition indigents and contact information. The color also helped to enhance the in-store visibility and presence for its Olper’s packaged milk, and the brand was instantly disassociated from its competition.The brand also worked to ensure it established an image of being a healthy and natural product. Its optimistic and vibrant tag line—â€Å"Good Morning Life†Ã¢â‚¬â€along with the unique red color, became the soul of the Olper’s brand identity across various media outlets. Brochures & Booklets Brochures and booklets were distributed outside the big famous marts at the time of launching. Posters & Leaflets Product promotion posters were placed outside the stores like ice pops, choc stick etc. At the time of launching leaflets were showered from aircrafts in different are as of cities.Billboards To promote the Omore brand, Engro placed it on billboards at all the major intersection in different cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Islamabad and Peshawar. It is the visual representation of the product by showing the customer a slice from their own lives, something to which they can refer when they are going to buy a product. Billboard is an expensive media but can reach a wide range of customer and is high in creating awareness. Point Of Purchase Displays Engro placed Omore carts outside all the major malls/marts and grocery stores at the time of launching it.Audiovisual Material Jingle and music used by Engro for its products are so strong through which people easily recognize its products. The simple and classy tune of OLPER’s and the tag line called out loud i. e. â€Å"SUBHA BAKHAIR ZINDAGI† was easily identifiable by 90% of the targeted audience. It means that the uniqueness of the sound remains in the mind of the consumers. Symbols & Logos To promote the Omore, Engro used the symbols related to happiness, joy and fun. Their logo is oval in shape with pink inside and white outside. SALES PROMOTIONSSales promotion is a variety of short term incentive to encourage trial or purchase of product. When used effectively, sales promotions can help to move old stock, counteract competitor activity, merchandise new products, encourage repeat buying and motivate your staff. They can also be monitored, so the success of a particular sales promotion can be measured over time. It is a good way of attracting new customers. The type of promotion selected also has to be relevant to the target customers as well as the company’s own marketing objectives.Contest, Games & Sweepstakes Omore has conducted contest and sweepstakes to attract customers and make them start liking the product. They have done it before launching it in Punjab and now in Karachi, they have conducted morning shows on Hum TV. Omore has launched an inte ractive application on its Facebook fun page which allows the users to participate in a weekly drawing contest. Sampling Sampling was done by Omore at the time of launch in all the major cities to increase the customer awareness and also create the liking of the product. EntertainmentJingle and music is so important and strong that people recognize Omore with it. Trade In Allowance Omore gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers. PUBLIC RELATIONS Public relations (or PR) involve a sustained attempt to develop the reputation as a business by using the media to help create the image the company desire. It is a way of keeping the business in your customer’s eyes. News or press releases can be distributed to the media to announce, for example, new product launches, a change in opening times or company successes.Articles can be distributed to trade journals or local newspapers, and sponsorship or charitable donations can help to position a company business mor e prominently in the market place than competitors. Attendance at exhibitions and seminars can also help to promote the image of the company to a chosen target audience Charitable Donations An Engro food has also proved itself to be a socially responsible company in many ways. For example when our nation faced a major catastrophic in the form of the floods which shook the foundation of our country.Engro foods stood firm in its commitment to the social causes and provided the financial help, food and shelter through the help of various relief organizations. Sponsorship Omore have sponsored several TV programs, morning shows and cricket matches. Publications Omore has done publication which reflects its vision and objectives in the short and long run. They have provided information on how the Omore ice cream goes about its operations and how Omore ice cream nutritious because it uses pure dairy products as compared to the competitors.PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is face to face i nteraction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and purchase orders. This is the most effective form of promotion because it allows your approach to be tailored to the needs of an individual customer. Getting a sale is ultimately extremely important, but the process involves a lot more than this. It is about having a constructive dialogue with customers to listen to their needs, promote product & company enefits on an individual basis, answer any questions, resolve any problems and get their feedback before clinching a sale. Face-to-face, a sales person can build a relationship with the customer- understanding their needs and feeding back this knowledge to the business to improve products, customer service standards, competitor knowledge etc. Employing a sales person is a costly exercise in the first instance, but it is one that will provide a pay back, usually within 1-2 years. Sales Presentation Omore is selling their products via charts. Incentive ProgramsOmore has given refrigerators to its retailers for their ice cream products. It also gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers as an incentive. Incentives also include branding of store on achievements of target sales. Fair & Trade Shows Omore has conducted a beach festival to gain the attention of customer and make them aware of the product in Karachi. They also conducted Basant festival in Punjab. DIRECT MARKETING Direct marketing consists of mail, telephone, fax, email or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospects.Direct marketing is not used by Omore because the product is already easily available. Another reason of not using this tool is that mostly people in Pakistan are unaware of purchasing products through these channels. BASIC TACTICS USED Engro foods in most of advertisements used association as basic tactic and associate their product with particu lar atmosphere and circumstances in the Olpers advertisement they relate the product with the environment of home where they show that everybody in the home require pure milk which is Olpers.In the omore advertisement they show that when the person uses omore he moves into an imaginary environment which is very excited for him so they associate their product with that environment. In olfrute advertisement they show an excited family in which everyone wants balance in diet so they need juice and associate their product with a situation when there is need of balance in diet then olfrute should be used with the normal diet. So here also association is used as basic tactic. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTCustomer relationship management is the process of carefully managing detailed information about individual customers and all customer touch points to maximize customer loyalty. â€Å"Consumer is the reason for our existence as a business. † CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN E NGRO FOODS According to engro foods view, CRM consists of: †¢ Helping olpers to enable its marketing departments to identify and target their best customers, manage marketing campaigns and generate quality leads for the sales team. Assisting olpers to improve account and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees, and streamlining existing processes. †¢ Allowing the formation of individualized relationships with customers, with the aim of improving customer satisfaction and maximizing profits; identifying the most profitable customers and providing them the highest level of service. †¢ Providing olpers employees with the information and processes necessary to know their customers, understand and identify customer needs and effectively build relationships between the company, its customer base, and distribution partners.CUSTOMERS TOUCH POINTS Customer touch point is any occasion on which customers encounters the brand and product. Following are the customers touch points which Olper’s uses for catering to the relationship of its customers: Marketing Value Addition †¢ Float Activity †¢ Banners †¢ Road Show†¢ T. V Commercials †¢ Rural Melas †¢ Buntings †¢ Buchat Bazars †¢ Posters †¢ Institutional promotions †¢ New Articles †¢ Free Samplings †¢ Vehicle Branding †¢ Chain store Promotions †¢ Gala Event Management †¢ Carnivals †¢ Music Concerts †¢ Funfair Marketing Float ActivityOne way that Engro foods and Olpers have chosen to interact with their customer is Float Activity. Olpers have been launching promotional activities all the time and according to them this float activity proved to be very effective to keep in touch with their customers. Road Shows In the summer of 2009 when Engro foods launched their new product line of Dairy Ice Cream Omore initially in Lahore the whole city was decorated with different road side banners and place cards. This is a traditional Engro food way to keep in touch with their customer and also to promote their new product.According to Olpers Road shows are a very easy yet effective way to keep in touch with customers. Rural Melas Since Pakistan is a country with most of its population still living in rural areas, Olpers decided to reach those potential consumers with a different approach and they arranged different rural side Melas in which they can easily state their point and make the potential customers a loyal customer Bachat Bazars Bachat Bazars are very common in Pakistan and since this is a trend in the market Engro foods used this way to reach to its existing customers and also targeted new customers in this 1-2-1 marketing way.Free Sampling To promote and let the people who have not yet tested the product companies use the technique called free sampling. And Engro foods have done free sampling to make sure that people are aware of the product and also to get the feed back out of the customers to make sure if there are any lags in the product. Chain Store Promotions Another 1-2-1 way of marketing technique that Engro foods have adopted to create effective touch point with their customer is by putting their brand in all the chain store in Pakistan in this way people can have access easily to the product and they do not have to look for the product.Event Management Carnivals Engro foods have worked their way in the customer’s heart by knowing them in every way. They try to promote their products and make sure that their product is available in carnivals and all special events that are taking place Music Concert Omore Ice cream launch was unique in its kind as they had music concert with leading Bands of Pakistan performing in these concerts. Since they feel like sponsoring such events creates a good way to interact with their customers Fun FairOne way to have direct contact with the customer is to promote different fun fair all over the coun try. This way existing customer and new customer both are easily targeted. Value Addition Banners An effective way to add customer value towards the product is to display banners and bill boards all over the city so that customer are aware of their brand and make them feel proud about their brand. T. V Commercials T. V commercials are very effective and excellent way to promote the product and also to increase the value of customers.It’s easy way to reach the customers mind and create a positive image towards a brand. Posters Posters are cheap and easy to display way to reach into customers mind and create a positive view of the brand and also to increase the value a customer holds towards the product and Engro food have worked hard to gain this position REDUCING THE CUSTOMER DEFECTION RATE It is not enough, however, to attract new customers the company must keep them and Increase their businesses. To reduce the customer defection rate OLPERS position the brand in a way that the customer prefer only Olpers products.Positioning involves designing the product and image that will occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. As can e seen, nestle milk pack, and Haleeb have the largest profit margins and market share in the milk industry. Thus the marketers at Olpers have to decide to create its own unique image and then strengthen the position in the customers mind. They have done a number of following steps: 1. Packaging of Olper’s milk and Olwell in red color and Olpers cream in purple color are quite different and distinctive from the typical green and blue packing used by other competitors. . The brand has been positioned as an all purpose milk that is meant for everyone, especially for those who live life to the fullest, hence its tag line, â€Å"jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s† BUILDING LOYALTY Creating a long tight connection to customers is the dream of any marketer & key to long term ma rketing success. Olpers build loyality of customers towards its products in the following way: 1. As compared to Milk pack and Haleeb Olpers have advantage over its touch points which create a strong loyalty of customers towards Olpers. 2.One way that Olpers have adopted to gather the feedback and build strong relation with their customers is that they have asked their customers to contact and give suggestions that are listened. 3. Olpers works in the heart of its customers by knowing what is special for them. Like in Ramadan Olpers introduce and promote the traditional Ramadan theme so that the 4. Customers who value their religious heritage they are more attracted and so that in long term they are much more loyal customers towards the brand. 5. The marketers have used different positioning for Olper’s products: a.They have used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olpe r’s ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. b. They used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as delivering the benefit of helping to reduce weight and for healthy bones. c. Olper’s cream is positioned as good for a specific use or application. In this case the cream can be used to make cake icings and desserts look great. Measuring customer-based brand equityHR managers used questionnaires to find how customers feel about the brand. They used the indirect approach with different qualitative and projective techniques (the questionnaire contained some questions related to sentence completion and brand personality description). They used this to understand customers’ feelings for the brand. The managers agree that ENGRO Foods has helped improve the image for Olper’s. They assessed the leverage of secondary associations in this case by comparing the company’s characteristic with the characteristics of Olperâ €™s. Managing customer-based brand equityThe organization is managing the customer based brand equity because they realize the significance of marketing activities and their effect on creating more value for the brand, and so by influencing brand knowledge, sales can be improved. Olper’s is concentrating on the emotional aspect in their ads in order to focus on the core need of customers that can be satisfied. Olper’s has also funded Women’s exhibition in Karachi a few months ago and currently is sponsoring cricket World Cup 2007, and further adding more value to the brand and managing customer-based brand equity. REFERENCES http://www. oracle. com/us/corporate/customers/engro-foods-crm-on-deman-078691. pdf †¢ http://engro. com/ †¢ http://engro. com/our-businesses/engro-foods-limited/ †¢ http://engro. com/fact-sheet-engro-foods-limited/ †¢ http://www. theideaartist. com/index. php/tag/engro/ †¢ http://www. managementparadise. com/for ums/marketing-management/209200-marketing-mix-engro-corporation. html †¢ http://guppu. com/2009/04/11/engro-foods-launches-omore-marketing-review/ †¢ http://www. pakvisit. com/jobs/jobs%20in%20engro%20foods%20Pakistan. html †¢ http://engro. com/wp-content/themes/engro-v1. /pdf/quarterlyreport2011/engro-food-sep-2011. pdf †¢ http://pakmediablog. net/220/omore-files/ †¢ http://pressrelease. pk/fmcg/engro-foods-launches-tarang-bhara-des-campaign/ ———————– Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioral †¢ Nations †¢ States †¢ Countries †¢ Province †¢ Age †¢ Family †¢ Gender †¢ Income †¢ Social class †¢ Life style †¢ Personality †¢ Values †¢ Benefits †¢ Loyalty †¢ User status †¢ User rate Olper’s Olper’s Milk Olper’s Cream Olper’s Olwell Olper’s Olfrute Olper’s Owsum 1. Defining the comp etitive frame of reference 2. Establish the points of difference 3. Establish the points of parity

Progress is defined as movement toward a destination....

Progress is defined as movement toward a destination. Conflict is defined as being incompatible or at variance with something. When paired together progress is questioned as to its ability in light of either the absence or presence of conflict. For as long as questions have been asked this question is one that finds itself being answered within the realm of political institutions and interrogated within the universal discussion as to whether or not human beings as a species can evolve or move past its current point without the presence of some distinguished force. In thinking on this question two scholars immediately present themselves. They are Charles Darwin and Karl Marx. Both of these men, one a naturalist/geologist, the other an†¦show more content†¦Put more simply, Darwin describes a struggle for existence, one that permeates throughout all species on Earth, including human beings. In light of his ideas, Darwin would agree that progress is not possible in the absence o f conflict. This is because in all of his arguments, conflict is something that cannot cease to exist. Throughout Origins, Darwin makes multiple references to nature but never specifically defines what it is. He writes for example, â€Å" We have seen that man by selection can certainly produce great results †¦ given to him by the hand of Nature †(108), and â€Å" The face of Nature may be compared to a yielding surface, with ten thousand sharp wedges packed close together and driven inwards by incessant blows, sometimes one wedge being struck, and then another with greater force †(111). The nature that Darwin is referring to is the nature of conflict. In those passages where he uses the word nature, one only need change the word to conflict and the meaning of the passage remains the same, as if Darwin had used the word originally. Conflict, or what Darwin calls nature, is both the external and the internal force that drives forward the progression of natural sele ction amongst species. He only counts however, one of those forces as being significant enough to have a varying affect on the process of natural selection.Show MoreRelatedRelationship Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management: Evidence from Hong Kong7693 Words   |  31 Pages2003; accepted 4 February 2004 Abstract This paper examines the nature of the relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management in the established urban destination of Hong Kong. In the past, conï ¬â€šict theory has formed the basis of most of the studies of relationships between tourism and other sectors. However, a conï ¬â€šict paradigm may not be the most appropriate framework. 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