The Solutions of Energy Shortage in Pakistan

Energy Shortage now is a global crisis for many countries in the world including Pakistan. Pakistan, one of the high rapid development developing countries now is in the worst energy crisis in its history (Kazmi, 2013). The high speed increasing of its economy and population absolutely demand a large energy supply, but the problem is that the storage of the energy of the country now can hardly supply the whole country’s energy usage. As AOL News said â€Å"Car owns wait for hours to get petrol and gas, cities and villages are lack of electricity for many hours per day, homes can hardly cook without gas.†The situation is becoming more and more serious in the whole country. Actually, Pakistan’s energy shortage crisis can be tracked back to the 1990s ( Kugelman, 2013); and in the 1970s, the energy crisis was averted once because of the Mangla and Tarbela dams. However, the strong economic growth needs a large mount of energy; no matter how indigenous energy resource s do Pakistan have, it is hard to satisfy the soared consumption of energy. For figuring out the good solutions of energy crisis in Pakistan, we’d better to know the effects and causes of the crisis.It is very obviously to see that the impact of the energy crisis in Pakistan is terrible for almost everywhere during the country: economic, educational, political and etc. As Chung (2013) mentioned, because the lack of electricity, numerous business and factories have to reduce 20 to 25% of their productivity, and the consequence of this can be really bad such as citizens are losing jobs, children are losing their education opportunities and factories are losing their foreign markets and clients, even worse, it may lead economic slowdown or economic contraction on Pakistan.On the other hand, Pakistan relies on the compressed natural gas (CNG) most and this is an important cause that leads the energy shortage crisis directly on Pakistan. Because the population is increasing so fas t, no matter how much gas the government has purchased in, it’s still hard to supply CNG for the whole country, also the negative impact of this is that there’s a inflation on the price of CNG. Besides, according to Leung (2013), the government plays an important role in this crisis.The poor managements of the government makes a lot of problems in Pakistan such as the government realized the problem but it didn’t take any action to solve the problem, the worse is, the government even made the problems worse. Government always spent money on wrong ways but not to spend the most of money on solving the energy crisis; at last, it seems that government can only make a ration of energy and owe much more money, but this obviously cannot solve the problem and it will keep increasing burden on the citizens.Hence, for solving the serious energy shortage problem, what could be the possible solutions and what solutions can truly solve the problem permanently or temporarily ? One thing now can be sure is that for solving the energy crisis, Pakistan will require political will, additional funding, and new power-generation sources etc. (Kugelman, 2013). One short-term solution as Kugelman (2013) pointed out that Pakistan could request a new loan from International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, except how much will this solution work, it seems that Pakistan now is not willing to get help from IMF at least after the spring’s elections.In other words, because of the possible political influence from IMF, it’s hard for Pakistan to get new fund from IMF as for now. It means even get loan from IMF is good solution in the additional fund way, it’s not a happy solution for the government’s political will. However, actually for the Pakistan’s situation, even the government doesn’t ask IMF for fund help, it’s still necessary and better to get economic help as soon as possible because even the government itself canno t pay all power bills.New fund can also help Pakistan to import more energy for supplying the demand for a while. Except the new fund, shifting the energy resource to another one is also a good solution for Pakistan. For this, coal energy seems like the best choice to instead of CNG for Pakistan. Considering Pakistan’s economy situation, like Ebrahim (2012) mentioned, many experts think coal is the alternative for Pakistan because Pakistan cannot afford to be romantic.Hydropower depends on water so it’s seasonally, oil is too expensive, only importing abundant coal is viable because coal is much more cheaper than oil and it’s non-seasonally. However, although coal energy is a long-term solution for Pakistan to solve the energy problem, it is also a long-term damage for the global environment (Chung, 2013). In this way, Pakistan needs to consider how to balance the solution of the current problem and the cause of the potential crisis in the future. Hopefully coal energy won’t be a dilemma for Pakistan in the future.Meanwhile, besides coal energy, another long-term solution for Pakistan now is to develop more sugar plants to supply electricity. According to Kazmi (2013), Pakistan has the potential to get electricity from sugar plants across the country especially in rural areas. Sugar mills only use low bagasse to heat boilers; moreover, sugar can also produce ethanol for motor gasoline. This means, if Pakistan starts to use large sugar to be an energy row-material, then it will be helpful for Pakistan to contain oil imports and CNG (Kazmi, 2013).The advantages of sugar are obviously; it can provide Pakistan another new chance to change the situation in a good way, and maybe the only problem for this solution for Pakistan is how to get more places for planting sugar. In general, like Kugelman (2013) mentioned, Pakistan’s energy problems are deep and complex, and sometimes the crisis is not only about Pakistan itself, other coun tries could be involved in the problems; thus, for getting better understand of the problem and better solutions for the problem, we still need to find more information. However, as for now about Pakistan, the energy shortage crisis is becoming worse and worse.The impacts of the crisis are negative: people in Pakistan now have a very hard and challenging life, economy may suspend or even reverse, government can hardly control the situation etc. So far, due to Pakistan’s complex situation, sugar seems like the best solution for Pakistan to solve the problem, it’s cheap and easy to get, it can provide both gas and electricity energy for the whole country, and it can help government to balance the imports and the fund during the crisis. Hopefully, Pakistan could solve the energy shortage crisis and change its hard situation peacefully and quickly.

Increasing human population Essay

It can transfer genes across species boundaries; more importantly, across huge taxonomic divides. It can also enable the incorporation of laboratory synthesised nucleic acids for designer purposes. GM foods can be divided into those that contain tissues and nucleic acids from the GM source organism (e. g. tomato puree) and those that contain purified derivatives that may be chemically indistinguishable from the same ingredients isolated from non-GMO`s (e. g. the phospholipid, lecithin and other specified oils and proteins from Soya). Provided these purified ingredients are chemically identical to those from non-GMO sources, they should not alter existing health risks. Unfortunately, complete purity is unachievable. Foods that contain original GMO tissue may contain unexpected components and alien nucleotide sequences. The Questions arise: can alien nucleotide sequences be transferred to the gut micro-organisms or be absorbed by human tissues, perhaps through phagocytosis or the agency of viral transduction?. If they can, what are the risks to human health generated as a consequence?. The Biochemist P32 October 1999 ? 1999 The Biochemical Society The technology will allow us to create in major crop plants materials we formerly had to obtain from other sources – such as industrial feed stocks or medicines. Pepper. G. Crop Sciences Dept University of Illinois Crops that resist drought and disease promise to transform the lives of poor farmers -if only they could afford them Five million Brazilians faced starvation this year. This time it was a drought related to El Nii o that halved grain crops in the northeast of the country, but next year it will be something else. Famine is perennial in Brazil. In September Monsanto, the world’s largest supplier of genetically modified seeds, announced it would invest $550 million in Brazil to build a factory producing its herbicide Roundup. Shortly afterwards the Brazilian government made Monsanto’s Roundup-resistant Soya beans the country’s first legally approved, genetically engineered crop. The Soya beans will boost profits for the big landowners who grow them to feed beef cattle for export. But most rural Brazilians are subsistence farmers who do not grow Soya. No help will trickle down from Monsanto’s beans to the starving millions. The story exemplifies the limited contribution genetically modified crops have made so far to eradicating world hunger. It is not that biotech companies are uninterested in the developing world. Far from it: Brazil and other newly industrialising countries are in fact prime targets, with their growing demand for agricultural products, little opposition to biotechnology, and farmers who have risen above hard graft subsistence, but have not yet become customers of the world’s seed and agrochemicals conglomerates. Crops that thrive despite drought and salty soils could also let farmers expand production into marginal lands. And the nutritional content of staples could be improved. If maize, for example, can be made to produce more of the amino acids it naturally lacks, the 80 million people who live almost exclusively on maize would get more protein. Ganesh Kishore, head of nutrition at Monsanto, says: â€Å"We can make it into a complete balanced meal. † Arber. W. (Article: The Bio industry Association 1999 http://www. bioindustry. org/) Genetically modified crops are no more dangerous to the environment than traditional crops and could boost corn, rice and other food yields by as much as 25 percent in developing countries http://www.freep. com/news/health/qdiet141. htm Foods can also be genetically modified to ensure that they last longer by removing or adding certain genes. This process gives them a greater shelf life and means they are less prone to bruising when in transit. They are also less likely to lose their colour and more importantly, retain more of their nutrients. This ultimately gives consumers a better product and reduces the amount of waste for the producers and retailers. Proteins vital to our diets can be added to foods which don’t ordinarily contain them, which is important for people lacking them. In time, this will also be true of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. http://www. futuradesign. co. uk/gm/ With respect to the information I have studied herein I conclude that genetic modification of foods is not without some induced risk as totally alien genes are being inserted into organisms from unrelated species. This has been shown to possibly alter the new organism’s `properties` as a food substrate either beneficially or adversely. I believe that GM foods have great potential in providing food for an ever increasing population where more traditional agricultural techniques may struggle to cope or fail. However, efficient regulation of the market is necessary and the proactive techniques which have developed to meet this demand may have played a significant part in public rejectance of GM techniques in some countries. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Variation and Inheritance section.

MOTORBUS Company: Que Sera Sera Essay

I. Point of View This study should be observed in the perspective of Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta. His situation is very critical since all of the burdens of the Maintenance Department are lying on his shoulders. Therefore, the researcher should specifically view themselves as Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta in considering some solutions and recommendation and finally offer the proper, distinct and probable plan of action. II. Time Context Since the company will be fielding an additional 50 new buses in a month, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta should settle all misfits and do the recommended plan of action within 30 days. That timeframe will give Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta the perfect decision that he can get to come up with a perfect solution. This problem needs a lot of thinking and analyzing. III. Statement of the Problem The MOTORBUS Company: Que Sera Sera is a route of bus from Manila via Isabela. Que Sera Sera means â€Å"What will be, will be†. Engineer Hermogenes Ancheta has just received his appointment papers from his new immediate superior, the Vice-President for Operations, he has been promoted from Assistant Manager to Manager of the Maintenance Department. After congratulating him from his promotion, his boss gave him a verbal directive that he should put some order in his department and make and make it work in the most effective and efficient manner as possible without incertitude. Engineer Ancheta has just passed the board examination for Mechanical Engineering when he joined Motorbus Company in 1993. By June 1995, he informed his former classmates at the University of Santo Tomas that he has promoted as Assistant Manager for Maintenance. He had promoted from Assistant Manager to Manager when Engineer Gaudencio Inductivo, who in turn to be at 62 years old. After the approval from VP for operations, the next day after the approval of Engineer Inductivo retirement, Engineer Ancheta received an appointment papers promoting him to be a Manager. By the time on his duty as a manager he inspect the storage room and he found the uneven supply of parts. Some parts were in excessive quantities and some important ones were inadequately stocked and the corner room contains a big volume of obsolete parts. The problem now is that how he handle the operation most effectively when he’s just new to his job, while there are 50 more buses added in the route for 100 buses will servicing the various routes assigned to Motorbus Company. IV. Statement of the Objectives To settle the disputes with the maintenance personnel To convince the maintenance personnel to not quit their jobs To innovate and improve the old method of purchasing To fix problems regarding inadequate, excessive and obsolete parts in the stock room V. Areas of Consideration Engineer Hermogenes Ancheta as a Mechanical Engineering Graduate he then work in a Motorbus Company as Assistant Manager of Maintenance Department. By the year 1993 when he joined the Motorbus Company, he passed the Board Examination for Mechanical Engineering course. He then informed his former classmate from University of Santo Tomas by year 1995 as he promoted Assistant Manager for Maintenance. The former Manager of the Department Engineer Gaudencio Inductivo, joined the company since it started the operations in 1989. A total of ten buses began plying the Manila-Isabela route. A maintenance unit was put up the Manila in Sampaloc. Another unit serves the Ilagan, Isabela terminal. Each unit has a full-time mechanic and one assistant. When a company bus comes in for repair, the mechanic diagnoses the various automotive systems in the bus and later produces a list of parts needing replacement. The mechanic sends the list to Engineer Inductivo, who, in turn, forwards the same to the company accountant for approval of the purchase request. Often times, Engineer Inductivo performs the actual purchasing himself. Later, he sends the purchased items to the mechanic who made the request. The maintenance units were operating normally until 40 new buses were procured by the company in 1993. Since then, every maintenance was so busy that they threatened to quit their jobs unless additional mechanics and assistants were recruited. By the end of 1993, each unit has a personnel complement of 5 mechanics and 5 assistants. But with current developments, the old method of purchasing was not improved. Purchase request started to embroiled, the file endorsed become discreet. Mechanic and drivers began complaining to the VP for Operations about the delays in the delivery of needed parts. The VP (Vice-President) for Operations immediately sent a note to Engineer Inductivo ordering that the problem should be resolved immediately. Engineer Inductivo was hard pressed and he could not offer an immediate solution. The next day, Engineer Inductivo informed the VP for Operations that he is requesting for the approval of his application for retirement as he is already 62 years old. The VP forwarded the request to the President with an endorsement justifying the request. On the same day, the request for retirement was approved. The next day, Engineer Ancheta received his appointment papers promoting him to Manager. During his first appointment as a Manager the first thing Engineer Ancheta did was to inspect the storage room for parts. He found out that the room was full of uneven supply of parts. Some parts were of excessive quantities, while some important ones were inadequately stocked. A corner of the room  contains a big volume of obsolete parts. At the end of the day, Engineer Ancheta was informed by the VP that the company will be fielding an additional 50 new buses within 30 days. This will mean that by next month about 100 buses will be servicing the various routes assigned to Motorbus Company. Engineer Ancheta is now mulling over how he will make the operations of his department as efficient and effective as possible. The areas of consideration are the ongoing disagreement with the maintenance personnel, the old system of purchasing applied in the company and the mountain of problems about the inventory of parts. VI. Assumptions â€Å"What will be, will be†, this is the meaning of Que Sera Sera was derived from a Spanish song. So, this is the word that really bind in his mind with the luck that came up with Engineer Hermogenes Ancheta that he became appointed Assistant Manager to Manager. For that case it will happen someday in advance that Engineer Ancheta will become the Manager of the Motorbus Company and that what will be happened after the retirement of Engineer Gaudencio Inductivo. For what happened to Engineer Ancheta is a time of luck that he knew someday he will become a Manager for he work a good Assistant Manager so the company President trusted him so much that he will be the next to be appointed as a Manager of Maintenance Department because he already knew how to run and operate the business pertaining to Motorbus Company most effectively in good service. As a new appointed Manager Engineer Ancheta work literally honest in his field of work so that the VP for Operations trusted him and for that time, the company will be fielding of 50 new additional buses. This means that the business was keep on growing for the President put the trust on Engineer Ancheta to handle the operations to make efficient and good service for the various routes using 100 buses assigned to Motorbus Company. This is what really the analysis that Engineer Ancheta is a successful upon doing his Job. VII. Alternative Courses of Action (ACA) For Engineer Ancheta since he’s just new on the job as appointed Manager, he must pondered on focusing in the operations of the Motorbus Company to be adequate enough to work with it efficient and more effective bus servicing through the Philippines. As a manager he must need to know the employee under his supervision like mechanic, asistant that they might work with no other reasons for them to give their support to the company. This is just giving him the idea that he need a better employee which has no other alternatives just to work with the company with their full time basis. For that reason they may work efficiently if they work together in helping each other in the company to support their needs to have a better foundation of Motorbus business infrastructure. They must conduct an additional training for the new employee that they may hire, just to make sure that the bus route will do a better service in travelling back to back to its destinations. The mechanic should had their support as a maintenance that every unit must be checked before they move on to their destinations. What will be, will be, that’s the theme that this company appparently symbolized. The determination of continous focus on the job is the best thing to do. VIII. Conclusion/Recommendation There you can see to it that the business shown an increase in numbers of buses and same as usual with the profit they will also gain a better than what they had recently when Engineer Inductivo’s in charge with the Management of the Motorbus Company. Aside from that, when Engineer Ancheta is appointed as a new Manager he’s now on his way to make a decision like a real boss of the company, for that case his order is the way that the President of Operations will be respected. For the President knew that he is  an honest manager to be appointed to handle the operations pertaining with the Maintenance Department. Furthermore, I recommend that they must need another hired of new employee since the addition of a 40 new buses to be added on the route assigned to Motorbus company. No one should be able to quit, that he must need to convince his employee under his supervision as a result of a good performance in the part of a workforce. IX. Plan of Action The first step for Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta is to set up a meeting on his department. In this meeting, he will lay all of his proposition for the problems present in the department. To settle the dispute on maintenance personnel, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta must hire additional personnel and staff since the company needs more manpower in 30 days. For the improvement of the old method of purchasing, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta Mallari is to ask his sons and to influence them and ask Lastly, to fix problems regarding inadequate, excessive and obsolete parts in the stock room, Engr. Hermogenes Ancheta must perform an inventory. If there isn’t enough supply, the department must list all of the inadequate tools. If there is an excess, there is choice of just putting it in the stock room or the department can also sell it to retailers. And for the obsolete parts, they must be sold to junk shops.

Campus Sustainability ( university of arizona ) Research Paper

Campus Sustainability ( university of arizona ) - Research Paper Example The University of Arizona is renowned for its outstanding efforts in making the environment sustainable. The campus has put in place measures that aim at saving money, energy, and water among other resources (Craswell, 77). There are projects initiated by the campus for water conservation, recycling processes, the reuse of some commodities and application of alternative source of energy. The BioPark and the solar zone are projects that provide the energy required by the campus. They are substantial economic developments as they save on money spent to pay for electricity. The bridges are another example of the campus efforts to bring significance and efficiency for the entire Tucson community. Further, the projects intensify the student’s research, making them expound on many ideas. It creates job opportunities for other people within the community during the construction stage. The school garden workshop brings the student and the community together as they work on the farm. Improved farming techniques that reduce pollution are put into practice. This provides food for the campus ant the neighborhood at a lower cost, thus save their money for other purposes. The students use recycled water for c rop production hence minimize on wastage. In the campus, structures are designed in a way that conserves the environment, and this enables students to uphold sustainability. For instance, the residential halls and the recreation centre. The school’s compound is occupied by trees that provide shade for students and a source of shelter for birds. This highly creates a balanced ecosystem (Brooks, 67). The biofuel from algae project is a potential energy provider; however, it is due to completion. If realized, the project will offer an alternative source of energy for the transport industry. Algae have the ability to grow on non-crop zones, and thus land for crop production will not be affected. This method of energy reduces the

Social Media Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Media Assignment - Essay Example This takes place mostly during my free time and when contact a classmate who may be occupied in class or in the library. I make a total of 5 calls every 24 hours with 3 to my parents and other family members so as to know how they are doing and to inform them of my progress in class. 2 phone calls to my classmates and instructors in when a need arises. I spent part of my free time chatting and updating my status on the social media platforms available on my phone such as Twitter, Facebook and Instagram and as a result of this I check my phone 10 times. I also use my Smartphone to check my emails and to send 2 mails per day to friends, family and for official purposes such as communicating with my tutors through Gmail. I update myself on the latest trends in music and fashion through videos posted in YouTube which accounts for 2 times in a day. Social media is a very strong and effective tool in marketing of products owing to the fact that the platform attracts many people especially the youth. I use my Smartphone to locate varieties of commodities. Through social media I am able to select the items that I need based on quality, color, price and brand. If how I use my Smartphone is to go by, then social media is very effective in the marketing of new products. Through the use of social media, companies have been able to make huge sales of their products as well as receiving instant responses in regard to the quality and nature of their products. The effectiveness of social media in marketing is seen on how it improves the loyalty of a given brand. Brands that engage in social media channels have been found to enjoy high degree of customer loyalty since it is a good platform to connect with the audience (Zarrella, 2010). The method is cost effective owing to the fact that one can access it through the use of their

Solar Panel Battery Charger 6-12V Research Paper

Solar Panel Battery Charger 6-12V - Research Paper Example The comparator compares the voltage from the battery and acts as a switch for the voltage regulator circuit. Finally, the battery voltage checker checks the voltage of the battery (as it received from the panel) to determine if the battery needs to charge more. The circuit is designed to be simple, efficient and reliable by using easily available field replaceable parts. It uses a 12V, 5W solar panel rated from 100 milliamps to 1A and a lead acid or other rechargeable battery that is rated from 500 milliamp hours to 40 amp hours of capacity. This circuit regulates the voltage flow from the photovoltaic panel to the lead acid battery. It can produce currents up to 150mA. When external pass transistors are added to this circuit, output currents can reach up to 10A. The maximum input voltage to this circuit is 40V (LM723, 2004) with an output voltage adjustable between 2V and 37V. This circuit consists of a series regulator, LM723. ... Figure 11 and Figure 12 are the connection diagram and the datasheet circuit (Voltage regulator, 2012) as below: Figure 11: Connection Diagram Figure 12: Datasheet Circuit The basic building blocks of LM723 are: 1 The Reference Voltage Amplifier 2 The Error Amplifier 3 The Series Pass Transistor. The equivalent circuit of LM723 (LM723/LM723C Voltage Regulator, 1994) is shown in Figure 13 as below: Figure 13: Equivalent circuit of LM723. The main components used in the voltage regulator circuit are (Table 1): Table 1: Main components of the voltage regulator circuit Quantity Component Value 1 LM723 - 1 R1 4.87k ? 1 R2 7.15k ? 2 Transistor 2N3055 1 Diode 1N4007 1 VR 10k ? 1 C1 0.1?F 1 C2 500PF Calculations: Following are the calculations for design and operation of the circuit: Output voltage- Vout = Vref x ((R1+R2)/R2) Where R1= 4.87K, R2= 7.15K and Vref= 7.35V from the datasheet. Vout= 7.35 x ((4.87 + 7.15)/7.15) = 12.36V. Figure 14: Output voltage. Current- The current is establishe d from the Darlington transistor pair in the regulator circuit (Q1 and Q2 in Figure 10). Q1 and Q2 (2N3055) are silicon, Epitaxial-Base Planar NPN transistor mounted in a Jedec TO-3 metal case (Charger Circuit for 6V or 12V Car Battery, 2012) and are recommended for use in power switching circuits, series and shunt regulators, output stages and high fidelity amplifiers. Figure 15 shows the Darlington transistor pair: Figure 15: Darlington transistor pair used in voltage regulator circuit. In this circuit, a voltage of 0.7V is applied to the base (B) of the first transistor (TR1) to switch it on. A current of 300 milliamps passes through the first transistor from the collector (C) to the Emitter (E). The emitter of TR1 is connected to the second

External and Internal Environmental Analysis on Medtronic's Essay

External and Internal Environmental Analysis on Medtronic's - Essay Example External Environment The Health Care Environment The most important external environmental factor for Medtronic is government regulation. It is mandatory to comply with their regulations, and the government is involved in setting the quality standards and liability laws. The government in the US has increasingly become involved in health care since the creation of Medicaid and Medicaid in the 60s (Medtronic, 2013). Their implementation started a trend of increased medical spending with Medicare expanding the reimbursement for cardiac defibrillators. This has caused the system to move to a strategy of predict and manage from one of diagnose and treat under initiatives for health care expenditure control. Fortunately for the organization, there seems to have been little accomplishment with chronic diseases like diabetes and obesity increasing, whereas an aging population has ensured that there is a steady demand for their products like defibrillators and vascular tents, which Medtronic and their competitors manufacture (Medtronic, 2 013). Because of the government’s immense power, there is an active attempt to influence it with the American Medical Association having been the most powerful, although this is no longer the case (Medtronic, 2013). The entire health care system has come to be defined by special interests. The government also heavily regulates facility providers with some of Medtronic’s competitors closing down due to decreased profits. Because of this, health care facility organizations have been lobbying for improved reimbursement, as well as reimbursement of new research protocols and technology. Medtronic stands to benefit from both of them. In addition, Medtronic is also affected by accrediting bodies. They may have the ability to add facility management value through facilitation and demonstration of quality improvement (Medtronic, 2013). Managed care organizations and 3rd party payer organizations also have lobbying groups that all seek to lower prices offered by Medtronic. Internal S trengths and Weaknesses The greatest strength that Medtronic has historically possessed is strong leadership. The current CEO has been at the organization for 20 years with the average tenure of board members being ten years (The Associated Press, 2013). Medtronic has used this core of committed leaders to sustain industry leadership as the organization has navigated the ever-changing technological world, coupled to constrained health care budgets. Underlying strength for the company is a futuristic business plan that has been born out of a well-established and strong team of leaders. In addition, the company has accomplished the task through other strengths like disciplined approaches to marketing, as well as R&D. Through maintenance of a keen awareness of trends in healthcare and biotechnology, the company has capitalized on R&D from smaller firms via mergers and acquisitions. The company has also been able to establish a recognized brand name, which is essential since health prov iders normally utilize

MySpace and Facebook are among the fastest growing sites on the web Essay

MySpace and Facebook are among the fastest growing sites on the web. But are these sites enriching or diminishing our social experience - Essay Example These web sites like Facebook and MySpace became popular as online community webs in a short period of time. People like these web sites as they can share their ideas with their friends and with the world, they can upload and comment on the photos and share these to their friends and other persons. But are these web online communities are helping people to be close to each other or these community web sites making people anonymous. Today we use internet a lot. Many people utilize most of their time on the internet using Facebook or MySpace or any other such web site. It has been found that people mostly the youth spend most of their time using the internet rather than watching television or doing other things (Gale).In the essay â€Å"Study rates online habits† Thomas gale writes that the rate of reading newspaper, magazine, listening radio and watching TV is declined with the rapid increase in the usage of internet. He says that only 20 percent people read magazine and 15 per cent read newspaper but 51 percent people spend more than 10 hours on the internet (Gale). On the internet there is no way to detect a lie. Susan Youngwood in the article â€Å"Networking by the ‘Book’: Vt. college students cull, gather friends on facebook.com† quotes Stone that â€Å"there is no way to determine truth from fiction on Facebook (Youngwood 2006).You can write whatever you want, put whatever picture you want. The picture doesn't even have to be of you.†¦ Photoshop,† he says, â€Å"is a wonderful thing†. That is the reasons that Susan says that it is impossible for the administration to look into the profile and make decisions about any student. Student use internet and social networking sites a lot (Youngwood 2006). They share their ideas and other such things. In the same article Susan Youngwood quotes Greg stone says that the students suppose that they are anonymous and states â€Å""Even though they say very, very, very, very private things, they do it because †¦ they don't have to look someone in the eye. We're real concerned about them understanding that." So the social network of students on the internet is not helpful for the administration to detect a fiction (Youngwood 2006). Now the youth ranging from 14 to 24 years old don’t know that who should be their heroes. Being busy in the network sites the young generation has not enough time to interact with their family in a proper manner. They unwillingly ignore their families and spend most of their time on the web. In the essay â€Å"Computers Will Not Significantly Transform Society† Clifford Stoll discourages the computer and networks and have the opinion that it is impossible for a person to enjoy more on a computer screen rather than a live concert. He says that a meeting over a coffee is incomparable with a chat on the internet and the term cybersex can never make a person such happy that a real can (Stoll). The vital characte ristics of the human interaction are neglected uncompromisingly. The values of the human interactions are replaced by the technology (Stoll). In the book â€Å"Computer and Society† Clifford states â€Å"A poor substitute it is, this virtual reality where frustration is legion and where--in the holy names of Education and Progress--important aspects of human interactions are relentlessly devalued† (Stoll). The social network sites on the one hand proving an ease of communication and interaction among the people but on the other hand the online communities are devaluing the

Super Prison Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Super Prison Project Management - Essay Example The act of imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty possibly imposed by the state for a crime committed. The history of prisons dates back to the Biblical history of Joseph in Egypt. However, it began in the 19th century in Britain and has advanced to most countries in the World. In England and Wales, the history of prisons has been that prisoners are assigned security classes when sentenced, while all prisons are provided with specific security classifications depending on the prisoners’ types and numbers recommended (Alexander M., 2012). For instance, the classifications were into category A, B, C, and D. i. Category A: Meant for those whose escape from the prisons would most likely endanger the public and national security. ii. Category B: those of no serious/ maximum security needs, however for those who needed to be highly bared from escaping the prisons. iii. Category C: convicts who own no trust from the prison administrations in case they are left in the open c onditions, but are unlikely to make any escape attempts (Carlson M. and Garrett S, 1999). iv. Category D: convicts who can be reasonably trusted not to make any attempts of escaping from the prisons, and are hence provided with the privilege of an open prison. Such prisoners are subject to approval by the prison administrations and given Release On Temporary License to be able to work outside the prison and or leave for home upon passing their Full License Eligibility Date, which is usually a quarter of any sentence period (Ayers E. L., 1984). Super prison project is entitled to include among other things: religious facilities housing chaplaincy officers and other facilities for counseling; education facilities including library, with provision of adult education and continuing education opportunities; health facility; an exercise yard; a sally port; a segregation unit; a unit for vulnerable prisoners; safe cells; visiting area; a death raw; staff accommodation area; support facilit ies area; agriculture or industrial plant run with the convicts’ labor; a recreational area; and an administration area for prison management (Diiulio J., 1990). 2. Work Breakdown Structure This is a representation of the stakeholders’ roles in diagrammatic format (Harrison F. and Dennis L., 2004). Project management as a discipline involves planning, motivating, organizing and controlling the available resources so as to attain a specific goal; in this case the construction of the Super Prison (Young-Hoon Kwak, 2005). The stakeholders will therefore the managers of each department assigned to them. 3. Stakeholders A stakeholder is anyone involved in a project for the purpose of successful implementation of the project’s strategies. Effective implementation of this project requires composition of stakeholders who will be charged with the responsibility of foreseeing and supervising each and every activity that are undertaken (Dennis L., 2007). A number of stakeh olders, each assigned specific duties will have to demonstrate their potential in undertaking the proposed functions schedule for each rank in the project management. The stake holders will include: a. Executive Sponsor The Executive Sponsor of this Super Prison development and implementation project will be the government of England, and will have the responsibilities of: owning the project and funding it directly; being responsible for the project’s benefits; providing recommended resources and key Implementation Officers to the project in a timely manner; working very closely with the Project manager to deliver the expected benefits; chairing of the Steering Committee in case called upon; approving project initiation plan, statement of project scope, project plan, and any other changes to the set plan, scope or benefits;

American Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Revolution - Research Paper Example Rousseau and Montesquieu effectively promoted republicanism, liberal thought, democratic principles and religious tolerance and therefore, served as a major predecessor to the American Revolution (Ray, 24). In addition to significant political basis for the American Revolution, economic relations formed inside American Colonies were more advanced than those in Britain, thus further escalating the movement towards independence. Political movement towards American independence started with the first Continental Congress, occurred in 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Practically, it represented a convention of delegates from twelve American colonies but the Province of Georgia. The First Continental Congress made two major political decisions with first being boycott announcement of British goods and the second - announcement of Second Continental Congress (Schecter, 39). During the latter, the United States Declaration of Independence has been declared, a major political step to the sovereignty of a young state. Furthermore, this political action triggered the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, which occurred after a year of political discussions. During the American Revolution, political progress has been continuously accompanied with military action, occurring not only on the North America territory but internationally (Higginbotham, 19). British military campaign established against the Revolutionaries has been largely concentrated in Massachusetts. According to historical opinion, the battles of Lexington and Concord are considered the official beginning of the American Revolutionary War (Higginbotham, 22). The so called Boston campaign resulted in two notable events: one of the bloodiest battles of the war - the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) and unification of colonist militia into coherent regular army by George Washington. From the critical perspective, the early British military strategy in the North American has been recognized as ineffective due in part to the Secretary of State for Colonies Lord George Germain's incompetent leadership. The lack of effective coordination for the total war effort allowed the two main British armies in North America - General Howe in New York and General John Burgoyne in Canada - to act almost as independent forces, rather than a synchronized team (Black, 117-121). In 1777, Burgoyne attempted to sever New England from the middle states by driving south along the Richelieu River, through Lake Champlain, and down the Hudson River (Banes and Charles Royster, 94-99). To resist Burgoyne's movement, George Washington with newly formed Continental Army rushed reinforcements north to Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates, while keeping his remaining force in New Jersey where he could defend

Describe the history of building construction changes in the context Research Paper

Describe the history of building construction changes in the context of fire safety and prevention. What are examples of major c - Research Paper Example It is important that the fire safety professionals and the fire fighters of today continue to look back on these horrifying tragedies and remember what valuable lessons were learned from these fires, and also remember at what cost those lessons came. The deadliest fire in Chicago history occurred in the Iroquois theater, on December 30, 1903. The reportedly fireproof building had been open a mere five weeks before the scenery caught fire on a reflector. An attempt to bring down the fire safety door, a stage curtain made of asbestos, failed, and the panicked cast fled out the back. The draft from the stage door caused an explosion of flames on the stage that immediately combusted much of the seating area. In the ensuing rush to the exits, 602 people were killed, many of them from being crushed against locked exit doors or exit doors that opened to the inside of the theater (Eastland Memorial Society, n.d.) As a result of the theater fire, Chicago mayor Harrison closed over one hundred and seventy theaters, dance halls, churches, and other large gathering spaces for re-inspection for compliance with building codes. Many of the fire codes had been ignored in the construction of the Iroquois Theater due to bribes given to local governmental officials. Mayor Harrison was determined that this practice would not be allowed to continue. New laws and codes were passed that required marked fire exits, clear exit paths, and doors that opened outward instead of into the line of travel. Additionally, any new theaters had to be equipped with a steel fire curtain for the stage to prevent failure of the type that occurred with the asbestos curtain at the Iroquois Theater (Eastland Memorial Society, n.d.) Another Chicago tragedy was the school fire at Our Lady of Angels on December 1, 1958. The building had a brick exterior and completely wooden interior, and a roof that had been waxed with petroleum-based products. The building had only one fire exit, which to be reached requi red traveling through the main corridor, negating its purpose. The fire alarms were mounted deliberately out of reach of the children in the building to prevent mischief and, regardless, were not designed to alert the fire department when activated. The fire started in the basement dumpster, allegedly by a ten year old student at the school, then ignited a nearby staircase. The combustion of the stairwell released gases, heat, smoke, and flames onto the second floor, as the second floor exit to the stairwells lacked a fire door, unlike the first floor exits to the same staircases. Many of the children were killed by jumping or falling out the second-story windows after the center corridor filled with flames and the escape route was blocked. The final death toll was ninety-two children and three teaching nuns (Morgan, n.d.). Disturbingly, the building had passed a fire safety inspection just a few weeks before the incident. It had met all fire codes at the time of its construction, a nd Chicago fire code did not require that existing structures retrofit equipment to meet newer standards. As a result of the disaster, fire codes affecting schools were changed across the country to make schools safer, including such reforms as exterior fire escapes and fire alarms that rang in local fire departments (Morgan, 2001). Another

Definition of Nursing Essay Example for Free

Definition of Nursing Essay The definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association describes a framework that incorporates caring and health promotion. It is far reaching and intentionally inclusive to all fellow human beings. It has a goal to advocate and help decrease any element of suffering. Nursing is a professional body which strongly advocates the advancement of professional knowledge. Scholarly resources are used to anchor our credibly with research findings. The use of objective data develops processes to improve outcomes of care. Attentions are focused on human action and reactions to changes in health. The body of nursing  acts as influential body to impact social justice. The definition opens the scope of similarities and difference in approach where nurses can provide optimal care for their patients. The metaparadigm concepts: person, health, environment and nursing are platforms in which the protection, health promotion and goal to alleviate suffering can be developed. Dr Jean Watson, a nurse theorist is best now for her work on human caring. She asserts caring as central focus for nursing. Caring serves as pivot to the metaparadigm concepts. She found nurses who were not able to practice caring became harsh and brittle (as cited in Watson, 2009, p.467). As I work with my patients I now realize how my plans of care are based on theses metapadigm concepts. I frequently ask my coworkers what worked best for the patient and why. Then I incorporate that in my daily plan of care. References Watson, J. (2009). Caring science and human caring theory:transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and healthcare. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration,31(4), 466-483.

Bottled Water Industry In India

Bottled Water Industry In India Pest analysis plays an important role in the beginning of any organization activity/processes as it go through all the functioning aspects of an individual organization and creates a strategy for the various operations. The organization environment is made from various factors ie. a)Political factors-Bottled water industry which falls under FDA.The government plays an important role as they set the rules and regulation for the organization manufacturing. The industry have to go with the rules otherwise they will get charged fine. The following factors which can cause bottled water industry to have variances in their profits or results- Changes in tax laws, account standards, tax rates and regulations Political factors for international companies as companies recently started selling their products into US, so there are restrictions in transferring capital across border, changes in government. Changes in business patterns which includes competitive product, pricings and their ability to maintain share of sales in market, how the company make necessary arrangement with its infrastructure like distribution, technology, bottlers . b)Economic factor- Last year the economy of India was not good, and now its booming but it doesnt effected the bottled water industry. The market is quiet tough and there are other water companies existing now, so industry has decided to enter US. The market in US is very competitive and highly brand conscious, so there is a heavy investment done by companies to build its brand . c)Social factor- Everyone want to stay and live a healthy life. Now people are become more conscious about their diets. This affected the alcoholic beverage industries as people are more into drinking water, coke as compared to beer and alcoholic beverages. The demand for bottled water which is very convenient in daily life .As the age goes up the generation become more serious about their health and this factor will keep the industry company always in demand and keep going. d)Technological factor- The Bottled water industry should do marketing and advertising in a proper fashion, by giving advertisement in internet and television in a stylish way. The industry is producing different shapes of bottles which is much easier to carry and can throw it into bin when its used. As the new technology introduced,the industry must use them for huge production as the companies are growing in a tremendous way and can give a quality speedy delivery service. PORTERS FIVE FORCE MODEL FOR BOTTLED WATER INDUSTRY BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS: Long Term Relationship Local Government Selection of suppliers is based on quality, equitable prices, etc BARGAINING POWER OF CONSUMERS: Global consumers Different wants, needs etc Long term relationship Look out for maximum customer satisfaction RIVALRY AMONG COMPETITORS: Intensive competition between firms for the customer loyalty, market share and reputation. Main competitors are Bisleri VS Kinley, Aquafina, International market, Pure Life, etc. POTENTIAL ENTRY OF NEW COMPETITORS: Fake Manufacturer who sounds alike. Economies of Scale Capital Investments Research Development POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SUBSTITUTE PRODUCTS: Soda Juices Local water Tap water Beer, etc Porters five force model is basically useful for the marketers which provide a simple step for accessing and calculating the position and competitive strength of organization or company. Porters five forces for Bottled water industry- a)Bargaining power of suppliers- The suppliers are basically the input to any firm. Supply of raw materials, bottles, machinery tools to the firms. The suppliers are providing their material to other industry as well so they are not entirely dependent on water industry, so suppliers can negotiate and possibly a pressure on industry profitability. b)Bargaining power of consumers- The consumers are very knowledgeable and brand conscious. These two factor can lead consumers to be highly price conscious and look for quality products can effect the profitability. c)Rivalry among competitors- Like every other industry, bottled water industry also got some competitors in the market .The major problem is product differentiation, the quality, pricing which can effect the industry d) Entry of new competitors- Entry into the market like small firms can quickly enter into the market by sub contraction their manufacturing activities, secondly new suppliers ,new rates so the industry should be updated with all new technologies and with existing or upcoming competitors, because the new entries can weaken the position and decrease profitability e)Development of substitute product- Bottled water industry-water which is easily available anywhere in malls, stations etc. can have a threat by its substitutes like soda, coke, juices in future. Company introduction- Bisleri Ltd., a company of Italian origin, first introduced under the name Bisleri in Mumbai, India in glass bottles in two varieties bubbly still in 1965. Signor Felice Bisleri who first brought the idea of selling bottled water in India started this company. Parle bought over Bisleri (India) Ltd. In 1969 started bottling Mineral water in glass bottles under the brand name Bisleri. Later Parle switched over to PVC non-returnable bottles finally advanced to PET containers. Since 1995 Bisleri has started expanding operations substantially and the turn over has multiplied more than 20 times over a period of 10 years and the average growth rate has been around 40% over this period. Presently Bisleri has 8 plants 11 franchisees all over India. They have their presence covering the entire span of India. In their future ventures they look to put up four more plants in 2008-2009. They command a 60% market share of the organized market. . It is their commitment to offer every Indian pure clean drinking water. Bisleri Water is put through multiple stages of purification, ozonised finally packed for consumption. . Rigorous RD stringent quality controls has made them a market leader in the bottled water segment. Strict hygiene conditions are maintained in all plants. . ProductPackaging: Bisleri is available in a range of sizes. At the same time Bisleri is promoted by an aggressive print-and-TV backed by hoardings and point-of-sale material. Every interface with the consumer is being used as an opportunity to reinforce the message. In 1998, the branded mineral water market had grown to a 424 million litre business, valued at Rs 4 billion2. There were 200 brands available in the country. In their bid to garner greater market share, many companies, including Parle Bisleri tried to make quality and the purification processes they used their unique selling proposition (USP).In 2000, the branded water market had grown to Rs 7 billion. New players like Pepsis Aquafina, Coca-Colas Kinley and Nestles Pure Life entered the market, which gave bisleri a tough compition. The market was segmented into premium, popular and bulk segments (Refer Table below for the price range in different segments). The premium segment was the least crowded with just four brands: French transnational-Danones Evian and Ferrarelle and Nestles Perrier and San Pellagrino. The popular segment was where most of the action was. Bisleri, Bailley, Aquafina, and Kinley were some of the dominant brands in this segment. In the bulk segment (5, 12 20 lit res), bisleri was a major player with Kinley and Aquafina staying out of this segment. The main objective of segmentation is to increase your sales (i.e. strengthen your position in the market) and increase your profits( Dennis J. Cahill, 1997). It has also has some pros and corns which are discussed as bellow: Advantages: Identify new product opportunities. It helps one to identify the needs of different market segments and developing products to satisfy those needs. Develop more efficient methods of promoting existing products by enabling you to: Identify new or highly profitable markets or new channels of distribution. Target a particular market segment more efficiently than spreading limited resources over a wide area. Maintain sales but reduce expenditure on promotion and advertising. Business based on too narrow a market is vulnerable to market decline and/or competition (from new entrants or imports)( Tony Conway, Jonathan S. 2000). Indeed, in addition to advantages, there are distinct disadvantages in segmentation. These are; Disadvantages: Generally there is an increase in costs with segmentation stemming from increased; Market research the need to better understand the needs of the various market segments. Research and development the need to produce different products for the different market segments. Production costs-the need for different products for different market segments. Administrative costs-the need for separate marketing plans for the different segments. Inventory costs-the need for additional stock to cover variations in demand plus additional stock holding and control systems. Distribution costs-the need for different distribution channels for different market segments. By 2002, the mineral water market was worth Rs 10 billion and was growing at the rate of 40% a year. Kinley and Aquafina made inroads into the market and by March 2002, Kinley had a 10% market share, Aquafina had 4% and the share of Bisleri had come down to 51%. By June 2001, Bisleris market share was 47% and Aquafina and Kinley together accounted for over a third of the market. Bisleri reportedly wanted to focus on the bulk segment because Pepsi and Coca-Cola seemed to be strong in the retail segment and would take some time to strengthen their presence in the bulk segment. To strengthen its presence in the bulk segment, Bisleri was investing heavily on marketing and distribution.. The Break Away Seal The New Product Keeping in mind the consumers need to recognize a genuine product that cannot be tampered with, Bisleri developed the break away seal. The unique cap has been patented and cannot be duplicated or tampered with. This technology development in the product ensures that the consumer will only get a highly safe product when they consume Bisleri packaged drinking water Bisleri by its breakaway seal as an assurance of purity . SWOT Analysis- Definition: SWOT is an abbreviation for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis is an important tool for auditing the overall strategic position of a business and its environment( Nigel Piercy, William Giles, 1989) The Key Distinction Internal and External Issues Strengths and weaknesses are Internal factors. For example, a strength could be your specialist marketing expertise, Lawrence P. Ettkin, Marilyn M. Helms, Michael S. Anderson, 2006. STRENGTHS: Value for Money Strong PR Innovation Cheapest Deal Quality Low Price Convenient to get Comprehensive nation wide coverage of the market urban, semi-urban and rural areas. They have quite a number of brands, covering all segments and filling all gaps. Brand name. Pure and Safe. Unlike its competitors who concentrate only in urban areas, Bisleri is found everywhere. It has a countrywide distribution. A huge network of dealers spread all over the country. Global Expansion: Danone also attempted to boost its position in India by purchasing a stake in Parle Bisleri, Indias largest bottled water company, which is in the process of restructuring its manufacturing and distribution arms and tripling its bottling capacity with an eye towards selling precisely 49% of itself to a foreign investor, quite possibly Danone. Product Development. Global Company. Strong RD Strong Advertising. Top Leading Water Supplier in India 40% Market Share. Packaging. The brand has some 18 manufacturing locations spread across the country. Online Sale and Marketing. WEAKNESS: A weakness could be the lack of a new product. No clear target audience. Easy to duplicate. In the packaged drinking water business, Kinley has recorded 32.7 per cent share, against Bisleris share of 35.8 per cent. New entry in market Opportunities and threats are external factors. For example, an opportunity could be a developing distribution channel such as the Internet, or changing consumer lifestyles that potentially increase demand for a companys products.( Lawrence P. Ettkin, Marilyn M. Helms, Michael S. Anderson, 2006) OPPORTUNITIES: Global Expansion. Consumer Behavior. Divisions of customers into different segments Increasing the sales by online marketing/expansion of their offices. THREATS: A threat could be a new competitor in an important existing market or a technological change that makes existing products potentially obsolete. New entry in market. Growing International market. Other existing companies. Local Companies. TOWS MATRIX- Internal factors strength weaknesses External factors a)Comprehensive nation wide coverage of the market urban, semi-urban and rural areas. They have quite a number of brands, covering all segments and filling all gaps. b)Brand name. c)Strong PR. d)Low Price. e)Global Company. f)Top Leading Water g)Supplier in India. h)40% market share. a)No clear target audience. b)Easy to duplicate. c)In the packaged drinking water business, Kinley has recorded 32.7 per cent share, against Bisleris share of 35.8 per cent. d)New entry in market . Opportunities SO Strategies WO Strategies a)Global Expansion. b)Consumer Behavior. c)Division of customers into different segments d)Increasing the sales by online marketing/expansion of their offices a)By using strong financial position the company can expand their offices in various regions and divide the customers in to different segments to know the consumer behavior. b)By using proper public relation, marketing tools it can expand the business globally a)As the market is very huge and there are chances of new entries/competitors, company can expand their offices and can do more brand awareness throughout and provide a good customer satisfaction. Threats ST Strategies WT Strategies a)New entry in market. b)Growing International market. c)Other existing companies. d)Local Companies. By using proper way of brand awarenesss. By keeping a proper track of the product and quality with customers demand helps company to make themselves differ from their competitors. By keeping a proper record of the sales network through different offices can helps company in strong distribution and to compete their competitors Strategic clock- To stay competitive in this heavy market place can only be achieved by getting customers and offering better service.Bisleri is adopting a low strategy as they are delivering best brand of the country in cheap rates.Even though there are many other companies offering same product in competitive rates,but due to companies long time stability and with a good marketing customer are attached and definitely Bisleri can stay longer in this sector. KTDC By considering the strategic clock the Bisleri should do more concentration towards its marketing strategies and product developments interms of quality,service,delivery can provide a better outlook for company compared to competitors. Stakeholders impact on company- The cooperation between the stakeholder and the company gives a success result as it is very important to analyze the stakeholders success criteria and then turning them into a goals. The stakeholder can be a person or an organization which cam impact negatively or positively- Government Environment Shareholders Management Customers Employees Local community Among all these important stakeholders shareholders, employees, management, customers plays a prominent role in success of company. The Bisleri company is spread all over across the country so as per the stakeholders there are some positive and negative impacts which are as follows- a) Rapid growth in the population can lead to increased requirements for drinking water. b) Main challenge of competition has to be tackled by price cutting. Taking the fact into consideration that the companys rivalries have a better competitive advantage in terms of price Bisleri can gain a better edge in the market coming down by price. c) New design and range has to be introduced by the company because the investment in design can make the product attractive . Bisleri should invest more in store expansions and in increasing the number of stores worldwide. d) From this report it is clear that over the years Bisleri has created an image in all over country. This feeling among the people has to be clarified by proper campaigns and advertisements regarding other competitors. e)As new offices will definitely create vacancies for employees. The employees must selected from the local area ,so that they can speak about their product and create more brand awareness. Future Strategies in Bisleri company- Bisleri company is now spreaded all over the country(India) by its strong marketing and financial background and also working out in go internationally. The company is trying to expand its sales to US. In future the company must adopt an stretch strategy to build a good brand and remain core competitive among competitors. By adopting stretch strategy, company can maintain their stakeholders for long term and can grow globally very fast by maintaining compatible culture and strategies. The company will definitely get new leaders, new entrants ,new ideas to expand their business and will definitely be a wow factor in future. Conclusion- Overall to conclude, bisleri has a good market hold in the domestic or Indian market as compare to its competitors which has been described in the theory as above. Bisleri has already cracked the niche market and has taken over a good percentage of water market in todays date but along with that the prices have also hiked up and with growing technological development and to be in business, bisleri still has a long way to go and to come up with new products to stay in the market at the same position. The global bottled water industry is in a very powerful position, but is also under increased scrutiny and criticism

Envrionmental Anaylysis Of Nissan And Renault Marketing Essay

Envrionmental Anaylysis Of Nissan And Renault Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION: The organisations operating in 21st century are characterised by volatile, turbulent, and brisk changes. The rapid pace of changes has both positive and negative impact on the working pattern of employees in the present environment. Moreover, leadership, globalisation, diversity, flexibility and networks are the major drivers and trends of change management. These trends create opportunities and threats in the organisation which are illustrated as follows. TRENDS ISSUES Globalisation Global vs. Local Diversity Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneity Flexibility Flexibility vs. Stability Networks Interdependence vs. Independence According to Ghosn (2009), Diversity has different angles which bring things together which are inaccessible in the corporate environment and in physical world. Moreover, diversity plays an important role in implementing effective change and to stay competitive in the global environment. The world is so complex and changing at an accelerating speed therefore the agenda should be driven by diversity and globalisation. However, diversity is not something that can be imposed in organisational culture and beliefs (Anderson, 2008). Moreover, the concept Diversity is fundamentally linked dealing with the change. At present, organisations depend on cross functional teams to enhance global competitive edge. However, this type of teams cannot capitulate expected performance (Ancona Caldwell, 1992). In contrast, cross functional team need collaboration between them. Here, to enhance the performance cross functional teams, they need to understand the concept of diversity. NISSAN RENAULT AT GLANCE: Company Particulars Nissan Renault Vision Enrich peoples life Drive the change Mission To offer exclusive and innovative automotive products and services by ensuring high quality values towards stakeholders in alliance with Renault. To achieve success thorough sustainable development by safeguarding quality in which company operates with its partner Nissan. Date of Incorporation 26th, December, 1933. 25th, February, 1899. Revenues (FY 2009) 3.35 billion euro. 33.71 billion euro. CEO Carlos Ghosn. Carlos Ghosn. Headquarter Japan. France. Employees 1,75,766. 1,24,300. Product Range Automobiles, Outboard Motors, Forklift Trucks. Automobile, Industrial Vehicles and Financing. Subsidiaries Infinity, Nissan Forklift, Nissan Marine, Nismo, Autech. Automobile Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors. Operating Worldwide 118 countries around the world. Renault Nissan Alliance is an inimitable partnership of two companies combined for performance and created a national automobile group of global scale, signed on March 27, 1999. This alliance based on two main founding principles: By combining both companies strengths and developing each and every possible synergies throughout to convey a productive approach i.e. Win-Win results. Respecting and preserving each companys self-sufficiency of their brand uniqueness and own corporate. The revival plan developed by an international team of 200 Nissan managers. What this global team has done is fully understand the root causes of our current problems and develop solutions that allow Nissan to act decisively ( Ghosn). The revival plan come together project to develop Nissans business and existence of market and it also reduce net debt from 1.4 trillion Yen to less than 700 billion and also reduce the cost by 1 trillion Yen by FY 2002. The combination of growth and cost reduction will allow Nissan to achieve a consolidated operating profit of 4.5 percent of sales by FY2002, (Ghosn). The main and the first goal of revival plan are to return Nissan to profitability for FY2000. While cost cutting will be the most dramatic and visible part of the revival plan, we cannot save our way to success (Carlos Ghosn). Revival plan highlights Nissans dedication to become worldwide achieving growing market share, competitive and profit based on desirable products and brands. This revival plan not only shows Nissan make progress and develop into a strong company over again, but, make Renault as the worlds fourth largest car maker. ENVRIONMENTAL ANAYLYSIS OF NISSAN RENAULT: PEST Analysis Factors Nissan Renault Political Government policy: Impacted positive on automotive sector so as to Nissan-Renault Policy to promote local manufactures and exporters Economical Time of inflationary and deflationary: Due to rise in interest rates , there is hike in prices of oil and car, buying power of customers goes on pick which indirectly affect to the Nissan-Renault. Currency Evaluation: Volatility and unstable currency rates affects the operation and sales of Nissan Renault. Impact on countries economy: Automobile industry uses plenty of goods such as aluminum, plastic, rubber, computer chips, vinyl, textiles, rubber, coppers, iron and steel.. Social Personality status: As standard of living of rises, people opt for more luxurious car. Population: Increase in population results in more sales of car. Standards and attitudes: Different values and attitudes are affects on the customer. Technological Technological change: The changing in the technology makes huge impacts on the product life cycle. Internet: Nissan Renault has very vast opportunity to advert their product by on website and gains competitive advantage. Opportunities As Nissan Renault is way back in to the hybrid technology so company needs to adapt this technology. However, hybrid technology is not much old so Nissan Renault should initiates to produce hybrid car. Continue to expand mainly in the developing country particularly in the Eastern Europe and Latin America. Introduce new innovative ideas. Threats Instability of fuel prices holds the sales of cars. Purchasing power of the consumer is been affected by the global economy. Competitor growth is been increased in this era for the Nissan Renault. Macro factors such as interest rates, inflation, incomes, recession, and unemployment. LEADERSHIP AND DIVERSITY : There is no question about the leadership vision of Carlos Ghosn. When he evaluated the revival plan by observing the strengths and weakness. He analyzes the situation by setting some objectives that were affecting the company from performing at better level. He makes the teams to choose the better methods of achieving the targets. Carlos understand the the objective and vision of Nissan and work culture was indistinguishable. He clears the strategy and vision in its Revival Plan. The culture of Nissan was homogeneous as they were thinking in the same manner. Though the CEO of Nissan opt for the changes, but the work force did not feel the changes was necessary in the culture of organisation. In order to transform Nissan, there was need for new culture to have impact on the culture of organisation (Nakae, 2005). The cross functional teams has to achieve something in order to delivery of revival plan successfully. For this objective the cross functional teams were form with both car m anufacturing organisation and the desired outcome was to equilibrium the cultural values. Cross functional teams are managed by executives appointed by Carlos who are open minded, reliable, culturally diversified. The whole transformation of leadership was to improve the performance of the Nissan. The Cross Functional teams were not created to share views and ideas of each culture. However, the motto underneath was to split the hierarchical barriers in the organisational culture. However, enabling the changes in the organisation cannot give assurance of success. The protection of self-esteem of the particular culture and the identification of organisation must be assured. However, he argues that facilitating change with upholding interest of organisation can wobbly balance act (Ghosn, 2002, Harvard Business Review). The leadership of Carlos Ghosn has characteristic of cultural diversity and with the help of his diversified cultural experience, he extract the cultural differences in organisation. In addition to this, when revival plan of Nissan was implemented, this was stage of performing for the cross functional team. However, the factor which considered as critical and hurdle in the stage was eastern collectivism and homogeneity of Nissan organisational culture. On the other hand, individual sponsorship with both diverse teams can be helpful to remove certain barriers to diversity of cross functional teams. CHANGE APPROACHES: Following are the change resistors and change approaches given by Kotter to Schlesinger (1979) which can help Nissan and Renault alliance in order to successfully implement rival plan. Participation Involvement of people in Staff Groups Decision Making Increase Commitment Facilitation Support in Identifying Resistance Convincing the Commitment to change Attitude Behaviour to Change Compulsion or coercion Explicit or Implicit Warning for behaviour Written notice for termination on Failure Negotiations Agreements to Overcome Resistance Use of Effective Third-party settlement Communication Learning about the change by Informing Educating Justifying Resolving disputes Adjustments Co-operation Use of Power to fulfil need for adjustment Grouping Threats and Rewards to fulfilment While implementing this change there might be resistance to change at different level in the company as suggested by Kotter Schlesinger ( managing innovation change : A critical guide for organisations 2nd edition, Nigel King Neil Anderson 2002). Individual level Group level Organisational level REASONS FOR ALLAINCE: The main reason of the alliance was to sharing investment, technology, respective cultures and supporting each other. The alliance was particularly made on the eagerness of the Carlos Ghosn to prospective successful synergy and keep freedom of the operations and culture amongst both organizations. Renault was keen to provide a common platform for generate development cost in important economics such as design studies prototyping and validation protocols, purchasing and industrial equipment. Which strategy has also been successful and adopted by several company such as Daimler-Chrysler in the United States and Volkswagen and Skoda in the Eastern Europe. They also focused on to the improve coordination and cost reductions for Nissan and Renault to the economic point of view. The major advantage of the alliance was both companies able to steps forward in to the foreign market for the instance Renault builds their car in the Mexico plant and to the other hand Nissan able to use Renaults Brazils plant. And also able to use their distribution channels in to the different countries. Under the alliance of the Renault and Nissan had agreed to share their components and their engines, for the instance Renault is expert in making diesel engines and Nissan is expert in making petrol and manufacturing procedure. Moreover, vision of two foreign companies to achieve mutual respect and peruse a common target we ask every single team not to do anything for the other teams. Pursue your own interests, growth and profitability. Because you are doing this, you will seek synergies (Ghosn, www.extra.emeraldinsight.com). This was the most important aspect to support the alliance of Renault Nissan, not merger. NISSAN RENAULT ALLAINCE STRUCTURE: Renault Nissan Alliance Objectives To be Ranked Amongst Top Three Companys in the Eyes of Customer Quality Value Product Services Technology Leadership excellence Each Region Segment Sustainability High Profit Margin Growth RENAULT 50% NISSAN 50% RNPO: Renault Nissan Purchasing Organisation RNIS: Renault Nissan Information Services 15% 44.3% Revival Plan Major Areas of Cooperation/Change   Carlos Ghosn was able to convince both the companies to  align  and come to following areas of collaboration, PURCHASING Both the companies are agreed to tie up their purchasing activities and try to minimise the purchasing cost of raw material. In the year 2001 during the rival plan both the companies were sharing about 30% of combine buying activities where as at present in the year 2009 the cooperation has increased to 100% which indicates the success of this alliance. Research and Development Under this regards both Nissan Renault both agreed to following two points. Allocate similar stage and components which are not really visible to customers as open body of automotive products in order to achieve the economies of scale and to reduce purchasing production cost. The platform integrated their efforts by manufacturing cars like Nissan Qashqai Renault Megane and many others which resulted in combine sales of more than 50% in the year 2008.  Ã‚   Switch Over Technology Production The tie-up enable both companies to swap their technological expertise to create competitive advantage. The Alliance was successful in creating gearboxes together for their combine products. They expertise of Nissan in making gasoline engine and Renault in making diesel engine resulted into co production of different engines. Both companies are moving forward to align their strategies and advanced mechanism in safety, environment performance. They also aims to develop zero emission technology which enable them to focus on electric cars by the end of 2010. Cross Cultural Management/Teams The unique alliance between Renault Nissan has been working for more than eight years by setting up collaborations in managing culture at all levels as a continuous process of best practices. It is very difficult for Carlos Ghosn to handle the cross cultural tams of Japan France at the same time but with the effective leadership he was able to create more than 30 teams each year. Apart from the above the alliance has decided to set production standards in both the companies which resulted into increase in the overall sales of the company. Both firms are using each others manufacturing capacities in order to produce mass production which in turn gave core competence in production capacity to both car manufacturers. HOFSTEDE CULTURAL ANAYLSIS : Hofstede model of cultural Dimension (source: hofstede, (1991), available at: www.ifets.info/journals/5_3/frank.html) Hofstedes cultural dimension helps us to categorize the key divergence between cultures. Thus this model was used to evaluate French, Japanese, and European culture. According to Hofstedes analysis there are three cultural dimensions that varies between French and Japanese culture power distance, individualism and masculinity (Hofstede, 1983).Because of the differences in masculinity scores it would be accepted that Japanese workforce have a different outset of gender in comparison to their European and French counterparts. Possibly this could direct to tension or pressure between female European workforce and Nissan employees. Japanese gender differentiation could also create legal problems due to the anti discrimination legislation in the Europe A high Power Distance score is directly linked to an autocratic management style. The variation between Japan and France points out that French managers have a more centralised, less counselling approach than their Japanese age group it is also states that average power distance of Europe is low as compared to France and Japan signifying that autocratic style of management in these countries would be strange throughout Europe both the countries have high scores in terms of power distance the Japanese put a high emphasis on the workforce age,( Deller and Flunkert) 1996 state that even capable junior staff will not be given preference over older colleagues. So employees. The significance of superiority is connected with the Japanese principle of lifelong possession with many of the employees commit to one firm which they toil for the whole of their life. In comparison the French structure chain of command is based on the educational backdrop of the person. The education system of France is so vastly controlled with the most brilliant student being conventional to elite schools. Approval to this school is a status mark that prevails through the existence of person with the French perception of accomplishment being judged by a persons family background, educational level and financial rather than by direct accomplishment (Newson -Balle and Gottschalk, 1996). This could lead to disagreement if Japanese disrespect their French counterparts and the French shows lack of respect to their uneducated Nissan associates A countrys individual signifies the level to which culture underpin person over communal success. However it states that workers work better independently who has high level of individualism in comparison with those low scores France has the highest level of individualism score compared to Japan i.e. France with 71 whereas Japan with 46. Therefore Nissan in its European operations must give an opportunity for its employees to gain accomplishment. Moreover if it is put into practice in Nissan operation it can escort performance and motivation The long period of direction signifies a level that the long term goals greater than the short term goals becomes the centre of attraction for the members of society. However it is vital to understand that managers at Nissan should design the strategies by arriving at a logical assurance while working with the Renault ENABLERS AND BARRIERS FOR REVIVAL PLAN: The alliance leader of Nissan Renault imposed incremental change through Nissan Revival Plan 01/2. The key driver for the change was to provide Nissan with sufficient market oriented strategies to compete in the market with other larger manufacturers with heterogeneity in their Japanese organisational culture. However, high risk in the alliance was to deal with cross culture value and beliefs of organisation. Nissan was facing problem of product recalling which was damaging its brand image and the other is the lack of diesel technology in comparison with their key competitors. The focus of Nissan was on profitability, cost reduction, innovation in Europe to continue its growth and brand reputation. As the commodity prices poses a threat to Nissan they oppose this problem by making some alterations in their input materials. They have developed a twofold strategy which is to maintain the equilibrium between individual uniqueness and maintaining their globalized resources. The increasi ng demand and supply in car manufacturing industry by launching new innovative model was the critical enabler factor for Nissan to cut their manufacturing overheads, increasing purchasing power, reducing bargaining power of consumers to remain presence in the market. The main threats for Nissan is the market saturation which effects its growth as the volume of the car sales fell which has make Nissan cant able to make its presence in the European market. The hurdle in this alliance is the culture of the organization which effects the stability and strength of the organization. However, apart from the , the main objective was to create dual citizenship which balanced the equilibrium and support their cultural values and desires to success of the organization. FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS FOR DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CHANGE: DRIVING FORCE RESTRAINING FORCE Technological Change Huge Investment RD and cost of capital Economic Integration More International market Emerging Market in Developing Countries Increasing speed of international more domestic competition Cross Cultural Challenges Falling of Communist Society Fewer Barriers

The Human Genome Project: The Future of Medicine :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers

The Human Genome Project: The Future of Medicine In the last half century, medicine has been rapidly progressing, finding cures for many diseases, developing new surgical techniques, developing vaccines, and generally improving the overall health and life expectancy of the average person. Instead of living to their forties, it is commonplace for people to live to seventy five and beyond. Medical research is constantly searching for ways to make people healthier and to keep them that way. New cancer and AIDS research comprises a huge portion of modern day medicine. However, the discoveries and breakthroughs that such projects have produced have been few and far between. According to many, we are no closer to finding an actual cure for either ailment than we were ten years ago. However, all is not lost. There is a way in which we can begin to regain some of the medical stride which we have lost. The way to do this is not by scouring the rainforests to try to make exotic drugs, nor is it new chemotherapy techniques or radiation treatm ents. This new way is based in our cells themselves, in understanding how we work, and knowing what our biological determinants are. To understand how our immune system fights disease, we must first understand what causes it. We must know our predisposition to certain kinds of ailments. We must know our genes. Knowing our genes is the fundamental concept behind the most exciting scientific endeavor of the past decade, the Human Genome Project. This project’s goal is to complete a comprehensive map of the human genome by the year 2003, one which illustrates the precise locations of every single gene in all twenty-three pairs of human chromosomes, along with the functions of these genes. The term gene is defined as being "one of many discrete units of hereditary information located on the chromosomes and consisting of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)." (Campbell, G-9) All these units put together comprise the genome. Many ailments that we suffer from are products of flawed genes. Cystic Fibrosis is the result of one such flaw. In 1989, biologists isolated the gene which causes this incurable ailment, and we have progressed very far in our search for a cure. Other ailments whose genetic causes have been isolated include breast cancer (Waldholz, B6), Alzheimer’s (OMIM Entry 104311), Tay Sachs (JUF News, 45), and Huntington’s (Brownlee, 580), as well as Diabetes (Maugh, 8), and many, many more.

Free College Essays - Use of Imagery in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Use of Imagery in Othello  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's Othello, the use of imagery and metaphors is significant in conveying meaning as it helps to establish the dramatic atmosphere of the play and reinforce the main themes. Through this, the audience is able to grasp a better understanding of the play. Throughout Othello, images relating to poison frequently occur. These references are predominantly made by Iago. This seems appropriate for Iago who exhibits the characteristics of poison; they being fatal and deadly. There are several possible explanations to what motivates Iago: being overlooked for the lieutenancy, the belief that Othello and Cassio had committed adultery with his wife, though this is never really proved; class differences present in the society that made him feel inferior, and racial differences. This desire for revenge is so great it "doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw [his] inwards." Iago's use of language is a primary weapon in manipulating Othello. By "pour[ing] this pestilence into his ear", Iago contaminates his thoughts. Once Othello starts to doubt Desdemona's fidelity, he is so incredibly driven by jealousy that it leads him to murder her, ironically with poison. Many references are made to animals in the play. Iago uses beast imagery to express his contempt and to downgrade those he despises. Early in Act 1, he rouses Brabantio's anger by using crude images of animals fornicating to inform him that his "daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." Such a metaphor is designed to evoke a strong emotional response. In a soliloquy at the conclusion of Act One, Iago says "It is engendered. Hell and night / Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light." Shakespeare uses the image of a monster being born as a metaphor for the start of Iago's evil scheming. It also becomes evident that Othello's mind has been corrupted by Iago's evil handiwork when he too starts to use the same sort of animal imagery in his speech. In one scene, convinced of his wife's infidelity, Othello loses all self-control crying out "goats and monkeys," animals traditionally considered lascivious. There is also a wealth of heaven and hell imagery in Othello. Iago, who is Machiavellian in nature and revels in tormenting others, can be perceived as the devil personified. Even he himself acknowledges this when he says "devils will the blackest sins put on...suggest at first with heavenly shows / As I do now.

Using Aesthetic Guidelines in Elegant and Efficient Ways

Using aesthetic guidelines in elegance and efficient manner, acquire optimisation of open constructions improved.Undertaking summeryThis undertaking seeks to understand relationship between optimisation of open constructions and aesthetic. During formal instruction, applied scientists and designers may be exposed to issues of efficiency in design but they are seldom expected to turn to the aesthetics of their designs. In the workplace every bit good, there is really small counsel for applied scientists and designers wishing to turn to both aesthetics and efficiency more closely in design. Therefore, research job is: the relationship of aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions such as columns and trusses in public edifices has been acutely overlooked. Except for a limited successful undertaking in structural art, we have confronted with deficiency of aesthetic characteristic in constructions and besides limited specii ¬?c regulations are enforced in current design codifications about aesthetic characteristics. Some structural creative person such as Fazlorkhan and Nervi presume the thought that â€Å" a construction that is efficient will automatically be elegant † ( Woodruff & A ; Billington, 2007 ) . Khan steadfastly asserts that â€Å" construction is based on a sort of ground expressed mathematical theories, which has its ain built-in aesthetics. â€Å" ( Khan, 1981 ) . This Idea is versus the impression that much money must be spent to bring forth a beautiful construction. â€Å" ( Nan Hu, Feng, & A ; Dai, 2014 ) . This research proposal is to look into the balance between optimisation of open constructions with its aesthetic and structures beauty. More specifically, the purpose of this undertaking is to look into to develop conceptual programs and ocular guidelines for bettering the aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions particularly those in public infinite in interaction with people. This undertaking asks: What are the cardinal factors in structural design that affect its aesthetic, Wha t factors in open construction design can take us to hold efficient and elegance design?Research ObjectiveThe undermentioned research aims are formulated to accomplish the purpose of this survey: I. To develop conceptual programs and ocular guidelines for bettering the aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions. two. To place what factors in open constructions particularly columns and trusses design, can take to efficient and elegance design. three. To find how optimisation can consequence on aesthetic. four. To measure columns and trusses design for public infinite in order to hold optimize and beautiful construction together.HypothesisThere are 2 different premise about relationship between construction and aesthetic. But utmost prejudice about elegance of optimized construction or high cost of elegance construction is under challenge. I. There are distinguishable relationship between construction and optimisation with aesthetic. two. The thought that a construction that is efficient will automatically be elegant is non ever true. three. The impression that much money must be spent to bring forth a beautiful construction is misconception. four. Optimized constructions have their built-in aesthetic but this function will non use to any construction.Research QuestionsThis survey is covering with the following research inquiries: I. What are the cardinal factors in structural design that affect its aesthetic? two. How optimisation in open constructions can impact their aesthetic in order to do constructions more elegance to pull more people in public edifice? three. What factors in expose construction design can take us to hold efficient and elegance design?Research BackgroundIn understanding construct of aesthetic, because of different assignments and instruction backgrounds, there has been a long treatment between designer and structural applied scientist ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ; Sev, 2001 ) . Historically close relationship between professions such as architecture and structural technology are undeniable. Among the separating features between the two is the issue of aesthetic and efficiency ( Allen, 2010 ; Burke Jr, 1989 ; Nervi, 1965 ; Woodruff & A ; Billington, 2007 ) . Since the beginning of human idea, aesthetics have been a topic of philosophical argument. The simple inquiry, â€Å" what is beauty? † many replies are given to this inquiry by designers, philosophers, and applied scientists ( Lothian, 1999 ) . The major alteration occurred, when beauty as inherent in the object, displacement to sing it as â€Å" in the eyes of the perceiver † ( Arnett, 1955 ; N Hu & A ; Dai ; Lothian, 1999 ; Malan & A ; Bredemeyer, 2002 ; Rodriguez ) .Santayana stated ( Arnett, 1955 ) , that the experience of aesthetic is a hint to the character of the single holding that experience. Santayana besides asserts that the â€Å" aesthetic component should non i ¬?nally be abstracted from the practical and moral map of things † ( Arnett, 1955 ) . The beauty of efficient constructions initiates resonance in the scruples of the spectator ( Saliklis, Bauer, & A ; Billington, 2008 ) . Therefore, the aesthetic quality of a efficient structural signifier needfully arises within the restraints of the engineer’s ethical duty to society ( D. P. Billington, 1997 ; Burke & A ; Montoney, 1996 ) . While designers may underscore aesthetic to changing grades, applied scientists have to plan expeditiously because that is the most of import purpose of structural design. And the greatest plants of structural creative persons, integrate economic system, efi ¬?ciency, and elegance ( Billington, 1983 ) . Since the rise of the modern span technology, nevertheless, great aesthetic value of construction has been cited by many structural creative persons ( N Hu & A ; Dai ) . The applied scientists began to understand the immune behaviour of constructions and the strength of stuffs. Larger buildings was built due to the new stuffs and hence, it became important to better apprehension of how they performed ( Billington, 1984 ; Schlaich, 2006 ; Sev, 2001 ) . Therefore, structural technology initiated to hold a scientific footing and as a consequence, split between architecture and construction became wider ( Billington, 1984 ) . When Telford’s 1812 began to compose an essay on Bridg ess, it makes modern structural creative persons witting of the aesthetic ideals that guided their plants. The outstanding illustration of a structural art is, possibly, Brooklyn Bridge in New York and Eiffel Tower in Paris ( Billington, 1984 ; Burke & A ; Montoney, 1996 ) . America became the technological leader and the centre of the artistic universe, After World War II. Many great structural creative persons immigrated to the US and had the chance to set their thought into pattern ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . Mies van der rohe, one of the most of import designer and structural creative person, survived the daze of the transatlantic crossing best and continued his thought to foreground â€Å" Less is more † , which can be seen in his plants in Chicago and Illinois ( N Hu & A ; Dai ) . Furthermore, construct of â€Å" Form follows map, † besides helped to give rise to the â€Å" international manner † ( Lambert, 1993 ; Menn, 1996 ) . Alongside with international manner, some structural creative person such as Nervi and Fazlorkhan province the construct that â€Å" a construction that is efficient will automatically be elegant † . ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . Khan asserts that â€Å" construction is based on a sort of ground expressed mathematical theories, which has its ain built-in aesthetics. † ( Sabina Khan, 2013 ) . Simplicity of construction means paying attending to structural inside informations, and guaranting that the construction be every bit efi ¬?cient as possible. He states that â€Å" good elaborate and efi ¬?cient constructions possess the natural elegance of slenderness and ground, and have perchance a higher value than the caprices of a priori aesthetics imposed by designers who do non cognize how to work closely with applied scientists, and who do non hold an interior feeling for natural structural signifiers † ( Sabina Khan, 2013 ) . Nervi said that esteeming what is structurally rational and econo mically prudent really establishes the â€Å" rightness † and the â€Å" moralss † of edifice ( Nervi, 1965 ) . Architecture has faced infinite manners in order to make desire aesthetic, but the principium behind the structural art hunt for a cost-efficient and performance-efi ¬?cient design ( Billington, 1984 ; Schlaich, 2006 ) . â€Å" The aesthetic look of a structural signifier is neither a pure desire to i ¬?nd a form for ornament nor a subordination of its map ; otherwise a construction would be overdesigned without any visual aspect of structural art † ( Schlaich, 2006 ) . Surveies have shown how design evolved to accomplish an efi ¬?cient and elegance construction by understanding rules of structural. For illustration, Othmar Ammann designed Bayonne Bridge which can be considered work of structural art when compared to the similar design used in the Hell Gate Bridge, due to latter was less monumental and more functional ( Gauvreau, 2007 ; Thrall & A ; Billington, 2008 ) . Another illustration, the structural efi ¬?ciency of Felix Candela’s Cuernavaca Chapel was achieved due to the understanding structural rule of shell. Candela minimized flexing minute in the shell and introduced the basic signifier of the inflated paraboloid for the design of ribs ( Draper, Garlock, & A ; Billington, 2008 ) . This type of structural signifiers have characteristics of higher efi ¬?ciency and elegance visual aspect together. Therefore, elegance constructions do non necessitate utmost cost needfully ( S. L. Billington, 1997 ; Menn, 1996 ; Woodruff & A ; Billington, 2007 ) . Many illustrations have shown that within the bounds of structural feasibleness and efi ¬?ciency, accomplishing an aesthetic end is possible. The history and aesthetics of cable-stayed Bridgess was discussed ( Billington & A ; Nazmy, 1991 ) . Another illustration was shown by Honigmann and Billington discussed the Sunniberg Bridge, designed by Christian Menn, to demo how simple computations of conceptual design can take to an ab initio aesthetically and structurally sensible span design ( Honigmann & A ; Billington, 2003 ) . Most recent structural creative persons valued aesthetic characteristic even more in their design works. Eduardo Torroja said that â€Å" the enjoyment and witting apprehension of aesthetic pleasance will without uncertainty be much greater if, through cognition of the regulations of harmoniousness, we can bask all the rei ¬?nement sand flawlessnesss of the edifice in inquiry. † ( Torroja, 1962 ) .Problem StatementDue to the long argument between designers and structural applied scientists about efficiency and aesthetic, we have faced two misconception about structural design: the thought that â€Å" a construction that is efi ¬?cient will automatically be elegant † ( Khan, 1981 ) . This Idea is versus the impression that much money must be spent to bring forth a beautiful construction. â€Å" ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . For illustration structural design such as The Alamillo Bridge that are aesthetically advanced, structurally rational to construct ( Guest, Draper, & A ; Billington, 2012 ) . Yet designers and structural applied scientists tend to pay comparatively small attending to efficiency and aesthetics at the same clip for structural design. In the workplace every bit good, there is really small counsel for applied scientists and designers wishing to turn to both aesthetics and efficiency more closely in design. The relationship of aesthetics and efficiency of open constructions such as columns and trusses in public edifices has been sorely overlooked. Hence, except for a limited successful undertaking in structural art, we have confronted with deficiency of aesthetic characteristic in constructions and besides limited specii ¬?c regulations are enforced in current design codifications about aesthetic characteristics. Besides, many efficient construction are non beautif ul besides many beautiful construction are non efficient either. Therefore, aesthetic guidelines for optimize construction are needed to be done.Research GapThere is small specii ¬?c guideline about aesthetic characteristics of constructions, but many research workers proposed general guidelines on betterment of aesthetics. ( Leonhardt, 1984 ) formulated 10 regulations for span design and ( Troitsky, 1994 ) besides gave 10 demands for span aesthetics. In Leonhardt’s book Bridges, the nine regulations of aesthetics have presented. All these rules could be sorted into two groups, to better the elegance of constructions and to better their harmoniousness with the environment. Sarah Billington ‘s PhD thesis is besides approximately bettering criterions short and moderate span span in aesthetic manner ( S. L. Billington, 1997 ) . Although regulations can non vouch the elegance and efficiency of a construction at the same clip, at least they can assist interior decorators a void certain sorts of unattractive designs. ( Nan Hu et al. , 2014 ) . There are really many rules and really many ways to happen them out. However, no counsel is given as to how to set them together in one undertaking ( D. P. Billington, 1997 ) . There is small aesthetic guideline that merely use to bridge ( Burke Jr, 1989 ) . And other type of constructions peculiarly exposed construction such as columns and trusses in public infinite due to its important function to pull people to architecture demand to be surveyed.Research MethodThe purpose of this survey is to look into the balance between optimisation in open construction ( columns and trusses ) in public edifice with its aesthetic and construction beauty. It will research optimisation of open construction with package analyze and quantitative method and will analyze their success in aesthetic guideline with interviews. This survey will use the assorted methods consecutive explanatory design for this intent of informations agg regation. The assorted methods consecutive explanatory attack chiefly consists of two peculiar phases: quantitative followed by the qualitative stage ( Ivankova, Creswell, & A ; Stick, 2006 ; Tashakkori & A ; Creswell, 2007 ) . Figure 1: The Mixed-Methods Sequential Explanatory DesignMentionAllen, B. ( 2010 ) . Architect and Engineer: A Study in Sibling Rivalry ( reappraisal ) .Common Knowledge, 16( 1 ) , 157-157. Arnett, W. E. ( 1955 ) . Santayana and the Sense of Beauty. Billington, D. P. ( 1983 ) . The tower and the span.Princeton U, 1983. Billington, D. P. ( 1984 ) . Constructing Bridges: Positions on Recent Engineering.Annalss of the New York Academy of Sciences, 424( 1 ) , 309-324. Billington, D. P. ( 1997 ) .Robert Maillart: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Billington, D. P. , & A ; Nazmy, A. ( 1991 ) . History and aesthetics of cable-stayed Bridgess.Journal of Structural Engineering, 117( 10 ) , 3103-3134. Billington, S. L. ( 1997 ) .Bettering standard Bridgess through aesthetic guidelines and attractive, efficient concrete infrastructures.University of Texas at Austin. Burke Jr, M. P. ( 1989 ) . Bridge Design and the â€Å"Bridge Aesthetics Bibliograph† .Journal of Structural Engineering, 115( 4 ) , 883-899. Burke, M. P. , & A ; Montoney, J. ( 1996 ) . Science, engineering, and aesthetics: three facets of design excellence.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1549( 1 ) , 93-98. Draper, P. , Garlock, M. E. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2008 ) . Finite-element analysis of Felix Candela’s chapel of Lomas de Cuernavaca.Journal of Architectural Engineering, 14( 2 ) , 47-52. Gauvreau, P. ( 2007 ) . Invention and aesthetics in span technology.The Canadian Civil Engineer, 23( 5 ) , 10-12. Guest, J. K. , Draper, P. , & A ; Billington, D. P. ( 2012 ) . 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